International businesse in emerging market Assignment

International businesse in emerging market - Assignment Example The emerging market accelerated growth of its international business, which were up 4% y-o-y. In June 2014, the company planned to invest $20 billion in a gas-fired power complex in Vietnam. In its planning, the company recognized the need to create a partnership with a host well-known company in Vietnam in an attempt to sell its products in this emerging market. It, therefore, collaborated with Vietnam’s state-owned petrol Vietnam. It erected two power plants with a capacity to produce between 6000 and 6500 megawatts of power. In this perspective, the company focuses on capturing the gas and oil market in Vietnam through provision of cheaper prices and diversified oil and gas brands (Regester & Larkin, 2014). It proposed to position its operation in 700 locations and several retail operations. The strategy aims to present its brands closer to consumers and therefore making its brand most accessible products in Vietnam. Vietnam is one of the top five developing nations in Asia. It has a robust middle class, a crucial driver of economic expansion in a developing country. It is valid to argue that middle class mainly supports the policy change significantly to the success of the country and in supporting capitalist democracy. The country has the fastest-growing middle class in the whole Southeast Asia and is expected to double in size from 12 million (2014) to 32 million by 2020. Generally, Exxon Mobil was experiencing various impending challenges in Vietnam such as complex foreign investment laws, corruption in infrastructure projects, lack of comprehensive and transparent legal system and restricted land usage rights (Plunkett, 2014). However, Vietnam is currently undergoing trade liberalization through negotiations toward a free agreement with the European Union (Van Dyke, et al., 2014). The negotiation presents viable market to Exxon Mobil since its objects to

Indian television in the era of globalization Essay Example for Free

Indian television in the era of globalization Essay Since its birth in 1959, it seems that Indian television has developed in a way that is similar to most of the world’s broadcasting sectors. Conquered by technological progress, particularly by the major advance that the introduction of satellite transmissions represents, the Indian television sector broke with its old practices to enter the era of globalization to which the opening to foreign players, the competition regime and the respect of commercial requirements are essential components. The successive evolutions that Indian television underwent seem to confirm Marshall McLuhan’s theory of a â€Å"global village†, which describes how the world has been contracted into a homogenized space by the media revolution. However, this simplistic vision denies the specificities of India as a culture and as a country, which became the specificities of Indian television. With 22 official languages, an enormous and heterogeneous population, one of the world’s largest territories and a tendency to continuously swing between tradition and modernity, India admittedly adapted its television sector to the globalized context but also imposed its restrictions and particularities. How did Indian television become integrated to the globalized media system while protecting its identity and imposing its requirements? With the successive evolutions – the technological progresses, the shift from an educational project to a competitive, consumer-oriented and profit-making market and the exportation of foreign programs and production methods – it underwent in the early 20th century, Indian television indeed got integrated into the globalized and transnational media system. As such it became a privileged target of know-how transfers coming from the West and a market of economic interest for foreign players. Heterogeneity constitutes India’s major specificity and its television sector could not have got established regardless to it. Even if it decided to enter the process of globalization, Indian television endeavored to defend and promote the country’s linguistic, territorial, social and cultural diversity. The Indian broadcasting space definitely does not get homogenized. On the contrary, it constantly reports the main oppositions that ceaselessly stimulate and drive the Indian population – tradition and modernity, local and global, urban and rural, well-off and impoverished. The example of the Indian television sector demonstrates that India is not passively affected by globalization but constitutes one of its major actors: it manages to make the country’s voice heard and to impose its requirements and its power of cultural appropriation at international level. BIBLIOGRAPHY DEPREZ C., La tà ©là ©vision indienne : un modà ¨le d’appropriation culturelle, De Boeck, 2006. DESAI M. K.,  « Indian television in the era of globalisation : unity, diversity or disparity ?  », in Quaderns del CAC, 202, no. 14 3-12. DURAND-DASTES F.,  « L’Inde dans la mondialisation  » in LEFORT I. and MORINIAUX V. (dir.), La mondialisation, Editions du temps, 2006, 235-256. JULURI V.,  « Music television and the invention of youth culture in India  », in Sage Journals, 2002, vol. 3 no. 4 367-386. KUMAR S., Gandhi meets primetime : globalization and nationalism in Indian television, University of Illinois Press, 2005. RANGANATHAN M., RODRIGUES U. M., Indian media in a globalised world, Sage publications, 2010. SINCLAIR J., HARRISON M.,  « Globalization, nation and television in Asia : the cases of India and China  », in Sage Journals, 2004, vol. 5 no. 1 41-54.

Social Inequality and Insecurity in Canada

Social Inequality and Insecurity in Canada ASSIGNMENT-2 Social inequality illustrates a scenario in a society where there is disparity that has limiting effect on a group’s social status and class. Inequality, in this reference, refers to the differences in status, experience, and outcomes among various groups of individuals in the society. The social inequality covers aspects like right to vote for every adult individual, right to speech, right to access property and right to education, quality of healthy living, quality of housing, traveling, vacationing and other social goods and services. It can also be viewed in the quality of family and neighborhood life, occupation, job satisfaction, and right to credit. Social insecurity refers to a condition in a society where people do not receive benefits because of their employment program. For instance privilege for retirement pensions, disability insurance and employment guarantee program. The provision of services may vary from country to country which may include health care, financial support during unemployment or retirement, safety at work. Insecurity rises from temporary work that does not give a commitment by the agency for permanent employment. This does not provide a reliable level of income or work for the workers. Temporary workers face dismissal at work place and lack job security. A recent study conducted in Canada revealed that the main difference between inequality and insecurity. Inequality describes the situation where the workers with equal labor productivity, ability, education, training and experience are treated unequal. They face inequality in employment selection procedure, job promotion, level of wages, training and other areas. However, insecurity is a situation where an employee has a perception that his or her job is uncertain and may come to an end sooner or later. This perception stands as a threat caused by the instability and unsteadiness of job or unsatisfied for possibly being fired at any time. The major causes of inequality and insecurity are different. Work inequality is affected characteristics like racism, gender inequality, skin color, age, family background, tradition, religion, physical fitness and the nationality of a person. However, work insecurity depends on work background, job importance, job content, work environment, job sat isfaction and career development. The effect of social inequality and insecurity on Canadian society is the division of labor market into good jobs and bad jobs. Social Inequality is dominated by professional and skilled workers and social insecurity is dominated by women and racist groups. The bad jobs provide little security of job and nearly about one tenth of the Canadian population is engaged in it. The birth of non-standard jobs is due to inequality as there is vulnerability of unemployment. Therefore, people hold multiple jobs at a time for survival. Temporary work is also a form of non-standard jobs wherein the job is dependent on the season and terms of contract with the company. A new type of agencies have been started which act as a broker between the employee and the employer. These agencies make arrangements for the temporary positions and individuals seeking jobs. The agency’s income is derived from the difference between what it charges the company and what it pays the individual worker. Self-em ployment is referred to as a means to achieve flexibility and freedom from the regular unemployment, low wages, and insecurity. It is segmented between a primary and a secondary market. In the primary self-employment market, companies run on full-time basis and often have few employees who have access to the benefits. This market segment mostly consists of older men who all have an established network of potential clients. In the secondary self-employment market, there is more uncertainty of work, lack of control of labor market and protection and inadequate incomes. Studies have revealed that insecurity in Canada has increased over the past 20 years. The possibility of unemployment is a significant reason for insecurity in Canada. It varies from workers in permanent full-time jobs to workers in temporary positions in contract. â€Å"Churn† refers to the very high turnover rates associated with certain occupations. A number of jobs, such as contract work and seasonal jobs show insecurity in their nature. Unemployment risk is higher for working individuals (25-64 years age) having a high school diploma or nothing. Unemployment risk is also higher for those in the primary sector than in the tertiary sector. But some areas of the tertiary sector, such as health and education, show low unemployment and infrequent job changes. While jobs like in hospitality and food services show higher unemployment and high turnover rates due to seasonal variations. In 2010, minimum wage levels ranged from $7.5 per hour in British Columbia to $9.5 per hour in Ontario. An individual earning $8.00 per hour and working forty hours per week will earn $16000 per year, if that individual does not take any off from work for the entire year. This individual living anywhere in Canada likely to have housing or other living expenses, job changes and will live below the low-income cut-off rate. The major causes of inequality in Canada were studied and deduced as follows:- Women: Women have always played a key role in the economy, yet their work, whether paid or unpaid, has never been recognized. Considerably, Women’s participation in the labor market has hiked since the end of World War II. The reasons being: desire for economic independence, less number of children per family, changed marital status, better access to education. Radicalized groups: The employment patterns of radicalized groups are similar to those of women. They experience a low average income, low participation rates, and higher unemployment rates. They also are less involved into white-collar jobs and are more in to the pink and blue-collar jobs. These groups of workers are more employed in non-union positions. They are likely to be absent in professional and managerial occupations. Persons with disabilities:- The majority of these people are excluded from school, work and society. This group has low participation and employment opportunities and the rate of low incomes is twice that of persons with no disabilities. They face more of the fluctuations in the labor market and social exclusion. Young workers, Aboriginal persons and old workers: Aboriginal persons have very low employment level because of the differences in education levels. As increasing numbers of Aboriginal persons are getting their post-secondary education, they find themselves alongside others who are seeking work and are not included in Aboriginal organizations. The labor market patterns of older section of people are also changing particularly due to the factors like loss of jobs, pensions and mandatory retirement. The income level due to these conditions has not allowed them to purchase property or save money for retirement. Young workers constitute another group who face unemployment in Canada due to lack of experience which plays the major reason for their condition. Fig 1:-The above graph is a study conducted in year 2009 showing the low income rate among various countries using MBM. Fig 2:-The above graph shows the income gap between the rich and the poorest groups in Canada over the past 10 years. The effective policies brought in by the Canadian government to reduce inequality in Canada are changes in wages and salaries distribution. The changes are as follows: Changes in work environment, part-time working opportunities, self-employed and non-standard labor contracts and an increase in division of work hours. Technological changes with the benefits of technical progress among the high-skilled. Regulatory policies targeted at promoting growth and productivity, which enhanced both employment and income inequality. Re-distribution through taxes and benefits in mitigating income inequality within all countries. Tax provisions being reviewed on top-income households to ensure the tax system is progressive and fair. Better education facilities for certain groups in Canada, certainly among Aboriginals. This is a major issue of concern requiring more efficient policy action. REFERENCES 1. http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/hot-topics/caninequality.aspx 2. http://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2013/09/26/growth_of_inequality_in_canada _cannot_be_denied.html 3. http://www.mqup.ca/social-inequality-in-canada-products-9780886292799.php 4. http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/403/HUMA/Reports/RP4770921/humarp07 /humarp07-e.pdf 5. http://www.caledoninst.org/Publications/PDF/594ENG.pdf 6. http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/403/HUMA/Reports/RP4770921/humarp07 /humarp07-e.pdf 7. http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/rise-canadas-richest-1 8. John Loxley, Public Service, Private Profits: The Political Economy of Public/Private Partnerships in Canada

Macbeth, A Spy For Macduff At The Banquet Hall :: essays research papers

Dear Macduff, A short while back you hired me to complete a task for you. This was to spy and collect information about Macbeth. I have now completed this and have some quite shocking news as you will soon be aware of as you read on. It all started at Macbeth’s banqueting hall which I was subsequently invited to. We all sat round a wooden table in the main hall waiting for Macbeth’s feast he had prepared for us. Macbeth and his queen wife, Lady Macbeth, They were both upon their thrones which were raised from the ground. Macbeth stepped down and soon the low hum of mumbling grew to a halt. He told us to sit and welcomed us to his feast. What happened next I found unusual, he announced he was going to join us at our table instead of sitting with his wife at the throne. Lady Macbeth kept her place as the banquet went on. From the corner of my eye I then noticed someone entered the room. At first glanced I presumed it to be Banquo as he had not arrived yet, but then I took a closer look and found it to be no one I knew. Macbeth also had seen this strange man at the doorway and arose and proclaimed that he would be away for a few minutes. It interested me why Macbeth left so abruptly and why it was of such importance. I glanced around and saw my fellow lords deep in conversation so I used the chance to slip away from the table. I leant against the wall so I was just out of Macbeth’s sight. I joined them mid conversation and attempted to settle into their quiet chat. As I joined them my astonishment rose as I heard Macbeth mutter the words ‘ There is blood upon thy face’. I was extremely startled to hear the disturbing news which followed. ‘Tis Banquo’s then’. I was absolutely amazed to hear what was being said. I stayed close to the wall listening in on what was said. Macbeth utterly stunned me by saying ‘Is he dispatched?’. These words could incriminate Macbeth and he would be lynched for having this carried out. I was totally confused, because as far as I knew, Macbeth and Banquo had been friends longer than anyone could remember. They had shared all sorts of experiences together. This sickened me to hear that Macbeth had carried out such a terrible deed.

Management, Personal Relationship and Decision Making Essay

The concept of interpersonal relationships and management involves ideas, taught, and beliefs that are related with social association and affiliations which are employed as approached to marketing, operations, training, management and executive decision (Giddens, 2001). These taught and perceptions constitute different philosophies used by various organizations that create a harmonious place for members and personnel. These beliefs allow the organization’s business to improve. Business improves since personnel performances are able to maximize their potential because people are working perfectly as a team. It is no secret that in order for business to be successful, management plays a very important role (Virine, 2007). Thus, for business to prosper, philosophy in management should be carefully taken into consideration (Virine, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In order to successfully manage an activity or personnel it is important that a manager is strong-willed, determined and possessed the â€Å"drive† needed to achieve the desired goal.   It is significant that a person should do a specific thing really well. In order to achieve this, a fine plan should be accomplished and when the plan is executed it is necessary that the plan is strictly followed. It is also important that the existing plan can adapt to changes that when problems are encountered, it can easily be resolved. Also in managing, it will be fitting to add that it is not enough that a person would know how to do things correctly, but it would be a welcome addition to recognize that a person knows how to things better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A person should understand and put into his mind that there are occasions when great just isn’t good enough. He should not settle for less instead strive and work harder to deliver and perform things way beyond what people have expected. He should not be satisfied by saying â€Å"this will already do† and â€Å"this is alright†. He should always work to be the best. Being the best should not be the endpoint that will mark the conclusion of a venture, but it should be a starting point of something that is great. Through sheer innovation one should take something that works, it could be ideas, or various products such as electric appliances, glassware or simple things like papers and plastics, then transform them and improve them to something that is really unexpected. A person should always try to work to achieve excellence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in order to properly manage things there are other factors that should be taken into account. One major factor is inter-personal relationship. Relationship with others influences the way we manage things our everyday life (Kahneman, 2000). It is because of our relationship to our love ones that we strive to make things better. It is because of these people who are close to us and we hold dearly in our hearts that we struggle in order to create a better living condition. Because of them we â€Å"shoot for the stars† and aim for the best. Furthermore, our relationship in our workplace with fellow personnel and with the manager dictates the success or the failure of an activity. As mentioned before, it is important to achieve a working area that is surrounded by people which are friendly and are always prepared in lending help. Somehow, they can be your family that during the most challenging times in the work one would have somebody to lean on (Lauria, 1964). They would provide you support and the much needed boost during office hours. With someone to call on, personnel can fully utilize their skills and maximize their talents. Workers do not need to be worry of accidents that may happen, since a sense of security and protection is given to them, as a result they become more focused. Also, in return workers and personnel would work doubly harder to showcase their affection to the people who have helped them in work and their gratitude to the organization and their bosses. Another essential issue that arises from the proper managing of things is decision making. Making a sound decision is hard and when at one point an organization has arrived to a decision, it is always certain that not everyone would be pleased, there would always be contentions. Generally, there are no rules that would make a person a good decision –maker (Plous, 1993). There are always risks that are involved and often times these risks impose immense problems that lead to the downfall of what seems a fair decision at the beginning. There are, however things that can help a person in making decision. Information should first be gathered and accumulated about the issue at hand. Careful study and precautions must be done to properly weigh things. In making a decision it is important to first ask who will be affected once the decision is handed out. Then, we should also understand who will benefit and to whom the decision is detrimental. In making a decision, one should decide for the good of majority and sacrifice his own self interest. To be a good decision maker one needs to be self-less. It is a noble act, a supreme sacrifice. A situation that recently took place in my office is the grudge that happens between two of my colleagues. The conflict occurs because of a misunderstanding for the division of labor in the office. Due to the misunderstanding, a part of the job was left undone. When the deadline arrives and portion of their proposal was still incomplete, pressure started to build up and emotions run high. As a result, a dispute between them existed. For a period of one month or so they started not to talk with each other after their proposal was dumped. Since, both are my friends and I am the one who is being caught from their fight I decided to talk to them and invite them to be part of a project that was assigned to me. Although they were hesitant to work with each other, I convinced them telling they are the most trusted person I knew that could help me and the only person which fitted the job. Professional as they are, they put aside their differences, and worked as a real team. With me calling the shots, and making sure everything is carefully attended and no single detail taken for granted we finished an astonishing job with lots of time to spare. We can infer that by setting aside their argument and their pride for a better cause, and giving each other another chance to work a fine output is achieved. They decided to be selfless and put the organization on top of their priority. References Giddens, A. (2001). Sociology. Cambridge: Polity. Kahneman, D. (2000). Choice, Values, Frames. Cambridge: The Unviersity Press. Lauria, A. (1964). Respeto, Relajo and Inter-Personal Relations in Puerto Rico Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 3 (No. 2). Plous, S. (1993). The Psychology of Judgement and Decision Making New York: McGraw-Hill. Virine, L. (2007). Management Concepts: Vienna.   

buy custom Cornell University Engineering essay

buy custom Cornell University Engineering essay Cornell University as an institution offers quality education and exposure that in turn makes the graduates successful in the careers they pursue. In the college of Engineering, great science and outstanding academic programs over the years have helped students to go an extra mile and innovatively make inventions that change the world for the better as a place to live. With eleven departments, the colleges of engineering provide distinct undergraduate programs for the intense study and inter department collaboration. Some of the courses include Civil and Environmental Engineering that involves providing sustainable infrastructure, computer science, electrical and computer engineering, mechanical and aerospace Engineering among others. As a student, I have developed interest in computer and Electrical Engineering, a course that is certain upon completion will help my career be a success. The college of Engineering administration will see me through from the efforts they have made over time, if I put effort in my studies. The extensive coverage of the syllabus will help me have an in-depth understanding of the course am pursuing. The college has directed its attention to special programs that provide an opportunity for students to enhance their education experience. The special programs have aided putting the knowledge acquired to practice, expanding the view of the world and leadership skills that put the students on a competitive edge. The special programs will help me a great deal. The quality of lectures makes me view Engineering as an interesting course to undertake despite the rigorous training involved. The university lecturers have played an important role to create an enabling environment that makes all the students fill accommodated despite their different levels of intelligence. The lecturers provide consultation and clarification lessons that help sharpen the students skills. Moreover, the lecturers have guided the students through the innovative research work that has placed the universit y, as a whole, among the leading Engineering institutions in the world. Over the years, the school of Engineering has reviewed the syllabus to improve the course that I am undertaking. This is encouraging, since I will now be able to study materials relevant with the dynamic world. Additionally, the college administration has introduced new courses that are intended to equip students with the relevant knowledge. The university has the recognition for providing conducive environment for the students to pursue their course works and gain the relevant experience that will enable me succeed in their careers after school. The knowledge that I have acquired and yet to acquire will help me succeed in my career as an engineer. This is due to the high quality education that I will have got from Cornell Engineering College. I am optimistic about the experience, which I will be gaining as a student, will help me carry out cutting edge research and excellent leadership skills as an engineer. Buy custom Cornell University Engineering essay

How Athenian Democracy Came to Be in 7 Stages

How Athenian Democracy Came to Be in 7 Stages The Athenian institution of democracy emerged in several  stages. This occurred in response to political, social, and economic conditions. As was true elsewhere in the Greek world, the individual city-state (polis) of Athens had once been ruled by kings,  but that had given way to an oligarchic government by archons elected from the aristocratic (Eupatrid) families. With this overview, learn more about the gradual development of Athenian democracy. This breakdown  follows sociologist Eli Sagans model of seven stages, but others argue that there are as many as 12 stages of Athenian democracy. Solon (c. 600 - 561) Debt bondage and loss of holdings to creditors led to political unrest. The rich non-aristocrats wanted power. Solon was elected archon in 594 to reform the laws. Solon lived in the Archaic Age of Greece, which preceded the Classical period. Tyranny of the Pisistratids (561-510)(Peisistratus and sons) Benevolent despots took control after the compromise of Solon failed. Moderate Democracy (510 - c. 462)Cleisthenes The factional struggle between Isagoras and Cleisthenes following the end of the tyranny. Cleisthenes allied himself with the people by promising them citizenship. Cleisthenes reformed social organization and put an end to the aristocratic rule. Radical Democracy (c. 462-431)Pericles Pericles mentor, Ephialtes, put an end to the Areopagus as a political force. In 443 Pericles was elected general and re-elected every year until his death in 429. He introduced pay for public service (jury duty). Democracy meant freedom at home and domination abroad. Pericles lived during the Classical period. Oligarchy (431-403) War with Sparta led to the total defeat of Athens. In 411 and 404 two oligarchic counter-revolutions tried to destroy democracy. Radical Democracy (403-322)​ This stage marked a stable time with Athenian orators Lysias, Demosthenes, and  Aeschines debating what was best for the polis. Macedonian and Roman Domination (322-102) Democratic ideals continued despite domination by outside powers. An Alternative Opinion While Eli Sagan believes Athenian democracy can be divided into seven chapters, classicist and political scientist Josiah Ober has a different view. He sees 12 stages in the development of Athenian democracy, including the initial Eupatrid oligarchy and the final fall of democracy to the imperial powers. For more details about how Ober came to this conclusion, review his argument in detail in  Democracy and Knowledge. Below are Obers divisions about the development of Athenian democracy. Note where they overlap with Sagan and where they differ.   Eupatrid Oligarchy (700-595)Solon and tyranny (594-509)Foundation of democracy (508-491)Persian Wars (490-479)Delian League and postwar re-building (478-462)High (Athenian) empire and struggle for Greek hegemony (461-430)Peloponnesian War I (429-416)Peloponnesian War II (415-404)After the Peloponnesian War (403-379)Naval confederation, social war, the financial crisis (378-355)Athens confronts Macedonia, economic prosperity (354-322)Macedonian/Roman domination (321-146) Source:Eli Sagans

Martin Luther Kings Speech Essays

Martin Luther Kings Speech Essays Martin Luther Kings Speech Essay Martin Luther Kings Speech Essay The Speech Dr. Martin Luther Kings speech in 1965 is arguably the most famous and widely recognized speech in history. At the end of the civil war in 1865, the 13th amendment to the constitution came around. This ensured the freedom of roughly four million African Americans and rendered slavery an illegal practice in the United states. The federal government was now in full control of the situation. They passed numerous pieces of civil rights legislation and held their union troops in the south. Many southern states such as Mississippi resisted Washingtons policies. White supremacy groups such as the KKK were born. Widespread rioting ensued shortly after. The first ten years after the freedom of African Americans was known as the Reconstruction. They thought this period would result in prosperity and a sense of harmony between communities. However, in the mid 1870s, federal troops departed the South. This would lead to a backwards step in progression. In the mid 1870s, in many southern states, Jim Crow laws began to be passed by local governments and councils. These were strict laws segregating African Americans from the white community. Some laws forbade black men from marrying white women; others classified blacks not employed by whites subject to arrest. Others created voting qualifications that kept blacks from the polls. Fast-forward 90 years, and things had little changed. Dr. King had been preaching about dreams since the 1960s when he first gave a speech to the NAACP called The Negro and the American Dream. This discussed the gap between the American Dream and reality. It claimed that the white supremacists had tarnished the dream. In addition, he claimed that the federal governments lack of concern and falseness towards the situation. Dr. Kings reasoning behind is speech was very concise and his motivations were firm. He delivered his speech to end black isolation and try to bring the nation together as a whole. He dreamed about having no segregation in the population. He wanted people of different races to be Judged on the their character as a person as opposed to the color of their skin. This conveyed in the tone of his speech. Through his words and the way in which he conducted himself throughout the peech, a clear tone was portrayed. Dr. King spoke powerfully and his word choice was very strong and authoritative. However, he did not in anyway insight hatred or violence through his words. He only wanted peace and harmony between races in the United States. Dr. Kings primary audience would be African-Americans who were racially discriminated against at the time. The goal of his speech was to support his people and stop the racial divide. A secondary audience for his speech would be white supremacists, the federal government and in the population as a whole. Everyone ad to take responsibility for the right changes to happen. During this time there were minimal laws that would benefit or protect African Americans in the United States, certain groups would take advantage of that and exploit theses people with varylng severlty. In some states, especlally In tne soutn, Jim laws were more widely used and were more strictly enforced. Kings tone helped add more power to his speech. King expressed his words with real emotion through his speech. This helped consolidate and already strong bond between him and his African American listeners. He utilized the appeal pathos by displaying enormous amounts of emotion in his speeches. This was a particularly strong are of his speech, many of his listeners would have been feeling the same emotions as him. Furthermore, Dr. Luther King was the perfect candidate to give this kind of speech. He was educated and was a strong public speaker. Far more importantly however, he was an African American, this made him no different from the audience he was preaching and addressing. He experienced the prejudice and the day-to-day discrimination of him and his fellow African Americans. This gave the listener, especially African Americans, a great reason to accept his speech and to truly feel the emotion and magnitude of his words. An area of Kings speech that I find particularly important is his repetition of certain words and phrases. For example, Let freedom ring followed by an area of the country, in particular the areas that the divide and discrimination was rife. He makes the point that once freedom rings out everyone will be able to Join together in unison and live freely as one. I feel this was a very poignant and important area o he speech, it really drove home how necessary the need for change was and how it would be a group effort. It also may have inspired people in these areas and gave them the confidence to stand up and Join together. Very similarly, he repeated the phrase l have a dream multiple times before stating what his dreams contained. The dreams werent Just his own, they were the ones of every African American in the United States. These werent Just dreams, they were the changes that had to be made in order for all Americans to live as one and or the tainted past to be somewhat forgotten. Dr. Martin Luther Kings speech will go down as one of the most famous speeches of all time. Even after his assassination the legacy of his speech continues today, with people constantly reading and watching video of the speech. It is still able to inspire and touch their hearts. Even the younger generations who may not have even been born at the time. This proves how effective his speech really was and how even though it addressed matters only at that time, the moral and metaphorical references are virtually timeless.

Donald Duck Mathematical Magic Trick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Donald Duck Mathematical Magic Trick - Essay Example The Golden Mean is a special ratio equal to 1:1.61803399, which is considered to be the ratio of beauty. The Ancient Greeks used this ratio in Golden Rectangles found in many of their architectural designs like the Parthenon. In later years, the Golden Ratio was used in even more architectural and artistic designs like the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the Mona Lisa painting. The Golden Mean is also known to be able to multiply itself until infinity. Infinity is another concept that we discussed in class. It means something that goes on forever and does not end. The Golden Rectangle was found in the pentagram and it can be formed from the parts of the pentagram at an infinite number of times. The video showed that when the pentagram is deconstructed, and the parts were arranged according to their lengths, the two short parts combined formed the longer part in the ratio of the Golden

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Summary - Essay Example The chapter addresses the ambiguous nature of the behaviors of basking sharks. Wells points out that very few facts are known about the basking sharks, which makes it almost impossible to come up with ways to preserve it. It is among the most sought fish species to an extent that it has been declared as an endangered species yet its mating and breeding habits are mysterious. This has made it almost impossible for zoologists to protect their young ones artificially. Irrespective of its large size, the basking shark has not been able to escape from the human impacts. It is quite unclear why the basking sharks choose to stay close to the water surface where planktons are minimal. Additionally this behavior exposes them to the danger of being fished. Though there have been regulations set to regulate the fishing of basking shark, it becomes impossible to avoid trapping the off springs of basking shark since it is hard to tell their whereabouts. However, Wells criticizes the enthusiasm wi th which humans harpoon the endangered species whenever they can. The mating habits of the basking sharks and their behaviors are incomprehensible to many. Even to the marine zoologists know too little to compile a history of this organism. One of the least understood behavior is the migration of the basking sharks to the bottom of the ocean during winter. ... Unlike other types of fish where age can be predicted by observing the scales, sharks have no scales. Vital information such as the rate of reproduction amongst the basking sharks remains unknown. Irrespective of the fact that basking sharks are often harpooned or netted, it is almost impossible to capture a pregnant female. According to Wells (76) the only pregnant female that has ever been captured, in 1936, gave birth to five living young ones ascertaining that basking sharks are viviparous like other sharks. This is quite strange and makes it hard to determine the growth rate of basking sharks. The ratio of males to females is unknown in addition to the unknown mating habits. It is hard to contemplate of an organism considered the second largest fish that is often harpooned, yet so little is known about it. The attempts made to track the movements of basking sharks to see if it could help reveal a little about their life history were unsuccessful. Wells attributes this to the unw illingness of any authorities to fund the operations. This is because most people view conservative efforts as irrelevant. Since animals migrate freely across territorial and economic boundaries, it becomes nobody’s business to ensure that they are protected. The same individual who do so little to protect the endangered species end up being the beneficiaries of the over exploitative fishing behaviors exhibited towards the species. Zoologists who are concerned with the welfare of animal species have little say particularly on issues regarding fishing of sharks for economic gain. Their efforts to give advice on measures that can be taken to protect endangered species are ignored by those who fear that

Solar Energy Harvesting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solar Energy Harvesting - Term Paper Example The device is essentially composed of a ‘light sponge’ of nanoparticles. The dye-sensitized property means that the titanium has a monolayer of absorbed dye which increases the likelihood of photon capture (Tulloch, 2004). Nanostructured semiconductor films have been identified as suitable for applications in solar cells as their physical and chemical properties make them ideal. These nanostructured films utilize these dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical solars(PES) cells. The large surface area of nanoparticles means that they are capable of harvesting large amounts of solar energy. There is a sensitizer grafted into the titanium. Light induced electrons are injected from the absorbed dye into the nanocrystalites and makes the titanium conductive (Gratzel, 2003). There are so far two concerns which have been identified in the application of these PESs. They are related to the ‘maximum light harvesting of sunlight and the efficient collection of photocarriers at electrons’ (Rodriguez et al., 2007). Both of these issues have attracted a large amount of research interest. This is mostly due to the interest which many governments have shown in recent years in developing ‘green technologies’ for energy generation. Solar panels are an ideal way of harvesting energy in a green way, but for them to be successful on a large scale as a replacement for power stations they must be efficient at harvesting and storing large amounts of solar energy. To address the issues of PES optimization research has focused on a number of issues with the composition of the solar cells. One of the key areas on which manufacturers have focused is in optimizing the chemical composition of titanium. Improvements in technology may allow for a thinner form of titanium to be manufactured which would overall allow for thinner titanium layers to be applied to solar applications. This would result in a reduction in recombination of photoexcited carriers, which would increase PES cell efficiency.

Crap ( this professor is horrible) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crap ( this professor is horrible) - Assignment Example Students learn about organization theory not only because it is a must, but because they acquire the skills essential for theorizing. For example, students examine themselves once in a while and this allows them to form ideas and expectations that are likely to motivate them to theorize. It is a process that would not work when there is no training. Most students would also not care to take it seriously, if it were not a requirement. Hence, because it is a requirement, a student has to train and learn everyday about organization theory. Moreover, it ensures that their theorizing skill gets refined, resulting to students with accumulated body of knowledge. The other purpose is that it guides research (Professor Kelsey, 2012). To researchers, knowing how to learn and apply organizational theory allows them to adopt a positive view of an organization. A view that is less mechanical. For this reason, researchers carrying out surveys on organizations pay more attention to the staff members, seeking to establish how human satisfaction functions in an organization. Organizational theory informs practice in three different ways. The first way is that it forms a frame of reference. Application of organizational theory in organizations, allows members of an organization to take note of how the political and human resource flames relate to them. For instance, the human resource frames in an organization reflect on its management and the political frames show its leadership relations (Nelson & Quick, 2012). The theory allows leaders to understand the nature of organizations, which in turn allows them to know how to deal with certain organizational situations. Such knowledge allows the leaders to know how to manage the organization most effectively. The other way that the theory informs practice is that it acts as a guide to reflective decision-making. Correctly applying organizational theory influences the behavior or the people applying it

TIME MANAGEMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TIME MANAGEMENT - Research Paper Example There are no specific ways of managing time as it keeps on varying from one person to another. Hence, it is advisable that before one settles down for a specific guideline, it is advisable that a person works on numerous alternatives to achieve the best. Factors to Consider for Success in DBA Program In order to become a successful online student, a number of considerations and planning must be put in place and consider that a person has to allocate some time for his family, and leisure. DBA program is an online learning program that is totally different from traditional classrooms where students meet with their tutor for physical class interactions. Apparently, lack of class meeting, gives a student freedom to make his or her own decision on whether to participate or not. This makes a provision of flexibility, but restricts him or her to set aside time for personal studies. Unlike in a traditional class, most of the teaching is done through online moderation and notes are dispatched through websites. It is advised that the students should take their time to access and read these notes. In addition, a student should successfully go through technical orientation as a full orientation that exposes a student to technical use of the system. This enables the students to gain competency and skills of going through the software before the course actually commences. In turn, this minimizes the time that could have been spent in learning how to maneuver through the system during the course of training. Of importance to note is that, having a competency in the system enables the student to concentrate entirely on studies. Understanding the course outline and accessing course outline before the semester begins enable the student to get familiarized with the topics to be covered during that session (Rogers, 2009). Also, it is good to understand that most of the sites share similarities in the outline but the topic vary from one unit to the other. Students are expected to r ead and understand the syllabus and the concepts of what they are about to study. This enables them to depict the prediction of their expectations. Management and keeping up to date with time enables an individual to prioritize on course work (Allen, 2005). This should be followed by logging into the system at some specific hours at least every day. It is advisable to make a choice of such time when the mind is fresh as it enables defined study structure, and motivates towards achievement of goals. Pros and Cons of Online Learning Online education is considered convenient in the sense that, it can be effectively moderated beyond geographical boundaries (Inoue, 2007). Students do not have to attend lecture session as in traditional classes but can attend to a virtual class at definite location. It also offers new possibilities for learning with regard to presentation of information. However, it is limited to technological accessibility (Rogers, 2009). Affordable in terms of cost, a s tudent can attend a class session without incorporation of travel expenses (Bourne, 2003). Besides, it allows the student to work while still studying, over and above, allowing for technological expansion. Since most of the studies are done through the use of computers, students have the experience of additional

Improve nursing leadership project Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Improve nursing leadership project - Article Example The work that they do will have to benefit the user and from that, they will gain respect. To achieve this vision, a sole responsibility of leadership that follows policies, philosophy, priorities, and power relationship of the health centers has to be practiced effectively. All leadership at the varying levels will be utilized in the process. Being a leader in the nursing field means your primary drive is the process of change to your staff. The nurses will experience new changes, and the changes need to be absorbed by the skilled staff as they are implemented within a time frame of 5 weeks. From this move, a challenge will arise because some members are not programmed to change and will take place 2 hours daily and three days of the working week. Because of this rigidness, the new employees will have a mentality that the skills got from school will be directed to the workplace, and their performance will reduce. Those who begin and adopt the change will be rewarded to encourage the

Crap ( this professor is horrible) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crap ( this professor is horrible) - Assignment Example Students learn about organization theory not only because it is a must, but because they acquire the skills essential for theorizing. For example, students examine themselves once in a while and this allows them to form ideas and expectations that are likely to motivate them to theorize. It is a process that would not work when there is no training. Most students would also not care to take it seriously, if it were not a requirement. Hence, because it is a requirement, a student has to train and learn everyday about organization theory. Moreover, it ensures that their theorizing skill gets refined, resulting to students with accumulated body of knowledge. The other purpose is that it guides research (Professor Kelsey, 2012). To researchers, knowing how to learn and apply organizational theory allows them to adopt a positive view of an organization. A view that is less mechanical. For this reason, researchers carrying out surveys on organizations pay more attention to the staff members, seeking to establish how human satisfaction functions in an organization. Organizational theory informs practice in three different ways. The first way is that it forms a frame of reference. Application of organizational theory in organizations, allows members of an organization to take note of how the political and human resource flames relate to them. For instance, the human resource frames in an organization reflect on its management and the political frames show its leadership relations (Nelson & Quick, 2012). The theory allows leaders to understand the nature of organizations, which in turn allows them to know how to deal with certain organizational situations. Such knowledge allows the leaders to know how to manage the organization most effectively. The other way that the theory informs practice is that it acts as a guide to reflective decision-making. Correctly applying organizational theory influences the behavior or the people applying it

Improve nursing leadership project Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Improve nursing leadership project - Article Example The work that they do will have to benefit the user and from that, they will gain respect. To achieve this vision, a sole responsibility of leadership that follows policies, philosophy, priorities, and power relationship of the health centers has to be practiced effectively. All leadership at the varying levels will be utilized in the process. Being a leader in the nursing field means your primary drive is the process of change to your staff. The nurses will experience new changes, and the changes need to be absorbed by the skilled staff as they are implemented within a time frame of 5 weeks. From this move, a challenge will arise because some members are not programmed to change and will take place 2 hours daily and three days of the working week. Because of this rigidness, the new employees will have a mentality that the skills got from school will be directed to the workplace, and their performance will reduce. Those who begin and adopt the change will be rewarded to encourage the

Japanese Culture and Society Essay Example for Free

Japanese Culture and Society Essay Japan is country having a strong economic power, and good income levels and the citizen’s standard of living are one of the highest in the world. Japan’s fruitful economy is a result of fine consumer goods exports which were developed with the latest technologies that Japan has to offer. Another factor which made Japan rise would be its well-rounded culture. One of the noticeable factors of Japan’s culture would be its education. Education is a stabilizing factor in a person’s life and a country. Education is one important factor in creating a strong country. The adult literacy rate in Japan is exceeding 99 percent which makes Japan to be one of the top nations in the whole world in terms of educational achievement. School education in Japan begins before grade one in preschool. It is free and a compulsory need for elementary and junior high school education. In Japan, more than 99 percent of elementary school-aged children are going to their respective school which is an astonishing statistic for a nation. Their high school are composed of two divisions which are junior and senior high school which is composed of three years each. An estimate of one third of the senior high school students continues their education to college. Their admission to different high schools and university are based on difficult entrance exams. There is much competition in getting a high position in the entrance exams because most of Japan’s well paying jobs admit employees of the graduates of high quality universities. Approximately, 1 percent of elementary schools and 5 percent of junior high schools are private establishments or are not owned by the government. An estimated of 25 percent of high schools are privately owned. There are no biases between public and private schools in Japan, entrances to elite universities are not based on the status of a student’s school. In the year 1998, it was evident that there were 604 four-year college universities and 588 two-year junior colleges were in Japan. Some of the elite and prominent universities in Japan include the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and Keio University in Tokyo. The early beginnings of education in Japan were sourced in the ideas and teachings from ancient China. In the 16th and 17th centuries, European travellers also affected the Japanese school education. From the years1640 to 1868, during Japan’s era of separation under the Tokugawa shoguns, Buddhist temple called terakoya served as the schools of the country. The temples took accountability for the country’s education and made astounding developments in raising the literacy levels among the population of the country. In the year 1867, it was assumed that there were more than 14,000 temple schools all over Japan. In the year 1872, the new Meiji regime created a ministry of education and a thorough educational code that integrated widespread primary education. During this period, Japan looked at other nations such as Europe and North America for effective educational models. As the Japanese regime expanded during the late 1930s and early 1940s, education of the country became a factor for nationalistic and militaristic needs. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, the educational system of the country was refurbished because of some concerns. Changes incorporated the current grade structure that states that the elementary school is six years and junior and senior high school are composed of 3 years each; there was also the implementation of a guarantee of equal access to free, public education. The changes included a finish to the teaching of nationalistic ideology. Reforms also sought to encourage students’ self-expression and increase flexibility in curriculum and classroom procedures. Nonetheless some critics still deem that education in Japan is extensively rigorous, preferring memorization of facts at the outlay of imaginative expression, and geared to encouraging social conventionality. Education in Japan is taken seriously and is a big attribute to the development of the country. Education is shown as factor in a youth’s life, it a vital block to a Japanese citizen’s structure and identity. Japan, as of any country, has its own social problems, this includes youth deviance. In Japan, there are also youth problems such as young people smoking, drinking alcohol, reading pornographic magazines and staying out late. These activities in some other countries are now accepted as ordinary youth culture. But one of the data radically shows that youths that participate in these appalling youth culture are mostly participated by lower high school students. (Yoder) The higher high school students do not involve themselves in these said youth culture unlike the lower high school students. (Yoder) Higher high school students spend most of their time in schooling. There are more occupied with academic and non academic matters such as aiming for high grades to get to an elite university and honing their skills in different sports and talents. It is a fact that when a Japanese student gets older, he becomes more mature and focuses his priorities more in his education than in awful youth activities. Education in Japan offers a complete picture of young people and a reasonable understanding of their lives. Most of the labelled delinquents in the youth of Japan are those who do not participate much in school or are not guided by their parents and guardians. (Yoder) Japan has made schooling as guidance for its youth. The country has successfully installed the importance of education to their youth and the youth responds accordingly to it. If it weren’t for their proper education, Japan’s youth wouldn’t have anything to guide it. The effect of education to the youth in Japan is great because the country focused a great deal on education and allocated much funds for it. Even though most of Japan is comprised of public schools, the public schools still have the same quality of education as of other private schools in other countries. (Yoder) This wonderful trait makes Japan’s education a wonderful asset to a Japanese person. Another evidence on how much education affects Japan would be the effect of deaf education. Until the mid-1970s, deaf citizens of Japan receive few legal privileges and little social acknowledgment. (Nakamura) By the law, they were categorized as minors or as mentally deficient, not capable of acquiring a drivers licenses or even sign contracts and wills. Many deaf people in the country worked at establishments that offer basic tasks or were frequently unemployed, and schools for the deaf initiate a complicated regimen of speech reading and oral speech approaches rather than signing. (Nakamura) After several decades, activism became the ears of deaf men and women which are now essentially acknowledged within mainstream of Japanese society.

Substance Dualism And The Mind And Body Philosophy Essay

Substance Dualism And The Mind And Body Philosophy Essay The basic idea substance dualism is trying to point out is the soul and the body are separate entities. The soul is the owner of its experiences and remains the same through your lifetime. The body and brain are physical while the soul is a mental substance. So in this case James Hartley has lost his soul. That soul which is the possessor of all his experiences including that of the murder is gone. So lets analyze James Hartleys situation based on the three perspectives of substance dualism given in the article. The basic awareness of the self states that our individual experiences make us unique. For only I possess my experiences which are solely mine. In this case we should stop calling him James Hartley for it is obvious he is no longer that person, he no longer possesses the experiences James Hartley had. In unity and the first person perspective it explains that no amount of third person descriptions of yourself can better describe you than you. I am I because I am aware of it through self-awareness. So James Hartley doesnt even know his name and is relying on others to tell him who he is. Physically he is James Hartley but mentally he is not. In the modal argument it states that if one could conceive an event than that event could be possible. It explains that we can easily conceive ourselves being disembodied but the same does not hold for our body and brain. We can mentally conceive ourselves being separated from the body. As stated in the article the soul is the owner of its experiences and is an enduring entity, meaning its not identical to its experiences it is in fact the conscious thing that has it. James Hartley in the article doesnt have any James Hartley experiences so that would simply mean his soul has somehow separated from his body. In Summary, it is not the body that makes the self it is the self that makes the body. If I were the sheriff I would not have gone through with the hanging. The reason doesnt even have anything to do with the story because I believe that ending someones life because you see it morally fit is an absurd idea. An eye for eye justice system is archaic and primitive. But to base it in the context of the story I would not have gone through with the hanging either because obviously somethings wrong with the person, he doesnt know who he is or what he has done. Its like youre hanging a newborn. Its just the body thats the same but inside its someone else. A medical checkup would need to be performed on the man to determine what has happened to him. Hastily ending his life like that was clearly in poor judgment. Part B: What does it mean to be human? Frankl is saying that our behavior is simply the product of the programming we have received genetically before birth as well as the constant programming we are receiving from our surroundings after birth. Human beings are simply extremely complex biological machines. The Nazis are the classic example of how normal thinking beings are able to commit heinous acts of violence against people who have done nothing to them by persistent brainwashing from a single mastermind or as I like to call it the master programmer. They make the perfect example because they seal the idea that humans are mere machines waiting to be programmed. Are our thoughts genuinely unique or simply the regurgitation of our genetic predisposition and the teachings we have received throughout our life? Well the Nazis seemed to have proven the latter. Frankl believed that the blood and soil concept of human life was developed at the desks and in lecture halls of nihilistic scientist and philosophers because these are the group of people who would dare go against the ideas established order has set forth. It seems that the most dangerous weapon a human can create is the perception of truth. So the Nazis believe that what they are doing is justified because of the truth that Jews are evil and therefore must be eradicated. So these scientists and philosophers are able to use truth as a weapon. They are able to project their ideas as the truth for the rest to blindly swallow. Part C: The Good Brahman Knowledge is better. Well the story does point out one good fact that is to choose reason over happiness is to be mad. So why than do we not choose happiness? If I were to tell you human beings had the tendency to be mad would this surprise you? In fact I think our lust for knowledge far exceeds any desire for mere happiness. That would be what separates us from animals I suppose, we value knowledge more. To not question would simply not be human. Maybe it might also have to do with our ego. Our ego governs us. To be imbecilic is to hurt our ego. As childish as the idea might be but what if we are just too egotistical to bow down to the simple beliefs like god has a purpose for us. If a huge ego went hand in hand with being without common sense we would readily accept happiness. What I mean by this is we would like to give in to the idea that we are intelligent because we ask all these questions others dont. I am smarter than you because I think and you dont. We shudder at the though t of gaining happiness through false beliefs. We do not believe that to be true happiness. Maybe just maybe this very fact is the only reason we choose to keep on looking for answers for things we very well know we cannot answer during our lifetime. To gain happiness via false beliefs is almost like gaining huge amounts of money through stealing. You cheated for your quick grab at happiness.

Managing Change In Operations Essay -- essays research papers

Behavior Traits of Successful Businesses Business Innovation Opportunities Businesses are resource limited and must determine where and in what way to allocate resources to achieve business mission objectives. This translates to why it is so important for business to be creative and actively plan for innovation correctly. Innovation is a change of direction and it alters investment policy so it is essential from the onset for the business planner to be clear about the current state of product â€Å"portfolio†. The planner must recognize how to balance the current products against possible policies for future development and their likely implications in terms of cash flow, market share, return on capital employed and other key components of company objectives. A successful behavior trait taking hold for successful companies is to develop business models to assess a strategy. These models provide change models expanding on issues such as â€Å"what†, that provide a picture of the company now of analysis; and â€Å"which†, that suggest alternative action paths for the company to take. Both of these models provide information to build a more complete picture of events within the business and options for future development. Managers should make use of these models and many don’t. Those that do are more likely to be successful and have the ability to minimize risk of failure. Business managers who do are far more likely to survive. For planners and non-planners there is not a single universal technique that can be applied in all situations. Use of strategic planning models can be a very important behavior trait for successful companies. Companies that do not use strategic planning models usually don’t because the model does not offer what the customer wants. It may be inadequate because of its analysis of the relationship between company resources and markets. These result in advice about overall investment decisions rather than about the specifics of how to manage the alternatives in the market/business relationship can be shortsighted, since there are always alternatives in order to gain the maximum competitive advantage. Since change is so an important aspect of business continuity, many models don’t necessarily provide assiduous suggestions for what type of change should be considered. An example of modeling one such model in use by Boston Consulting Gr... ...he market required by other types of innovation. Therefore, three broad types of organizational patterns can be described as appropriate for components of the innovation matrix and it can be described as follows: 1. Common room – appropriate for the development of sector creating innovations 2. Rugby scrum – approaches are best for the management of performance extension, technological reorganization and process innovations and those innovations that require a close and continuing contact with the marketplace for effective control 3. Coffee shop – reformation, service, branding, design and packaging are most suited in this sector Once a company has formulated an innovation policy it must evaluate whether to acquire the expertise from outside the organization (acquisition), to borrow it (licensing), to develop it with a partner with some specific expertise in this area (joint venture), or to concentrate on developing the knowledge internally. By studying how knowledge has been acquired and the problems associated with each route, it is then possible to come to some general conclusions about the best overall method for developing competitive advantage in the 1990’s and beyond.

All too often children are labeled as slow or stupid; they are put :: Economics

All too often children are labeled as slow or stupid; they are put aside into special classes for the slower kids and looked down upon by the smarter kids. All too often children are labeled as slow or stupid; they are put aside into special classes for the slower kids and looked down upon by the smarter kids. Teachers and parents look at them in disappointment for the great potential they once saw in their child’s eyes has gone to waste. Many teens that now believe that their stupidity is a truth were once as young children, praised for their quick learning and brightness. There must be an explanation for this. The explanation for me along with many other kids is the learning disorder called dyslexia. I would like to give them a combination of the next to definitions. â€Å"A complex neurological condition, the symptoms may effect many areas of learning and function and may be described as a difficulty in reading, spelling and written language† (Reid 2), as defined by The British Dyslexia Association in 1997. This is a common definition of dyslexia. The other definition of dyslexia is â€Å" an inherited neurological difference, resulting in language, perception, processing, and attention concentration deference’s† (Dyslexia Research Institute 1). Dyslexia is a serious disorder that effects an â€Å"estimated 5 percent to 15 percent of children† (UniSci 1). This number is extremely high; yet many do not know the effects that dyslexia has on the learning process and the emotional development of children, or understands what dyslexia even is. It has been found through research that dyslexia is a disorder occurring in the brain. On the UniSci WebPages, it was stated that â€Å"an issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology provided evidence that dyslexia is indeed a brain-based disorder† (1). Many tests and researches have been done to prove and also further the discovery of how the dyslexic brain works so that we may better understand it. Researchers at the University of Washington found that â€Å"dyslexics were using 4.6 times as much area of the brain or five times the brain area to do the same language task as the other kids who were not dyslexic† (UniSci 1). That translated means that â€Å"the dyslexic’s brain works much harder and uses much more energy than that of a normal person† (UniSci 1). Also, the researchers found that the â€Å"difference between the dyslexic person and a normal person relates to auditory language and not to nonlinguistic auditory function† (UniSci 1). This was shown through a study using six dyslexic boys and seven normal boys. â€Å"All of the boys were fitted with earphones and asked to perform four tasks while their

Kids & Cops Essay

My essay is about what drugs can do to you. Drugs and the people who supply drugs do not care about you and what happens to you as a person. The people who give children drugs are not your friends! Drugs can take a healthy child and change them within a matter of minutes. Drugs can sometimes put you in a hospital never to return home to your family, pets, friends, or school. Taking drugs can cause people to never want to play with you or be friends with you. Drugs can change your entire personality.Parents will never let their kids play with other kids that do drugs. Kids who don’t us drugs are afraid of people who use them. Parents and other people look down on people that do drugs and think less of them. Not only does drugs affect your outer looks it kills brain cells and causes you to do things without thinking of the consequences. You should always stay drug-free because drugs can lead to death. Drugs can cause brain damage, heart failure, lung cancer, kidney failure and a lso car accidents.If you are using drugs while driving a car you could easily have a wreck and not only hurt yourself but take another life. Please don’t use drugs. No matter what anyone says, drugs are BAD in any city, state, or country. Drugs and the people that use drugs and supply drugs are going nowhere in life. If you stay drug-free you can rest assure you have the chance of a very successful life. Please use good judgement now and always, stay drug-free and don’t hurt the people that love you the most!

Dear Board of Directors Essay

Upon implementing a Broad Differentiation strategy, Andrews Company desired to have highly demanded products in each of the market segments, hold the majority market share compared to our competitors and increase the value of our firm by the year 2021. We believed that this strategy could get us to that point and we have successfully done so. The start up of Andrews Company proved to be more difficult than anticipated due to high costs in marketing and R&D, investing in automation of sensors and due to our decision to take out most of our loans in the early stages of our product, leading to negative profits for the first two years. However, Broad Differentiation lucratively brought Andrews market share up to 30.93% outweighing the competition (Exhibit 1). Andrews Company will continue to implement this strategy with the goal to hold high demand, continue cutting costs with total quality management initiatives and by reevaluating our capacity and production issues, which will be discussed throughout the course of our analysis. Research and Development Proper allocation of funds towards research and development proved to be of high importance, allowing customers to have access to better-quality products. Andrews Company effectively adjusted each product to their proper ideal spot on the perceptual map by using the segment centers and ideal spot offsets annually. This allowed Andrews to gain optimal market demand, leading to us being able to charge a higher price than competitors later on, thus obtain higher profit among other initiatives. Our high demand was essential in offsetting the costs associated with investing in marketing and promotional budgets, buy/sell capacity and automation of products. Marketing By investing insistently in promo and sales in all the market segments, we were able to increase accessibility and market demand. It was Andrews’s goal to have our products be in the minds of customers of all types and charge a premium for our excellent designs. Another advantage Andrews had over our competitors was that we forecasted at our potential market share, rather than our actual, based on the presumption our customers will be loyal to our brand and we would continue to invest in marketing expenditures. Once we feel comfortable that we hold enough market share, we can then start to cut costs in this department. Finances Monitoring spending and Andrews finances was perhaps the most vital part of our success. In the earlier years of our company we took out large quantities of long-term debt to help finance investment in automation and lowering the cost of producing sensors. Each year Andrews experienced a steep increase in sales, while variable costs gradually increased (Exhibit 2). The extra debt we took out early on we believe to have assisted with the dramatic increase in profits each year (Exhibit 3). One thing Andrews could have done to also assist with the increase in profits was to issue stock, which would have helped raise more capital to invest in capacity capabilities. However, we felt that issuing stock would have diluted the price. We successfully raised our stock price to $281.95 by the end of 2021 (Exhibit 4). A 723% increase from the start of 2014. Production A barrier for further success of Andrews Company was production versus capacity. While production was upwards of 18,000+, capacity only resulted in roughly 11,000. Each year we gradually invested more and more in automation and capacity due to our rising profits, which allowed us to improve our margins (Exhibit 5). We should have properly invested in capacity in the earlier rounds to help bridge the gap between capacity and production. However, Andrews’s strategy was to focus on correctly adjusting our products on the perceptual map to their ideal spots and we planned to never invest so much so that this could not happen. TQM and Human Resources In 2017, Andrews met labor demands and we paid our employees a higher rate than competitors. This tactic was able to put some of the other employees in competitive firms to go on strike for several days, resulting in a higher market share and a better reputation among customers and potential employees. Andrews also spent money each year on training employees for a maximum of 80 hour and recruiting spend of about $4.5 million each year, increasing our productivity index to 129.9% by the end of 2021. At the beginning of 2016, Andrews made an executive decision to invest in total quality management. Of a budget of $4 million, we allotted $1.5 million in 2016 and 2017, then another $600 thousand in 2018. After this amount was spent, we would have seen diminishing returns and opted to cap out at $3.6 million. The substantial investment allowed us to reduce labor and material costs, while increasing demand, thus allowing us to steadily increase profits each year, especially during this three-year span when competitors did not spend enough in TQM. The Future of Andrews Andrews Company will continue to use its method of broad differentiation in the upcoming years and plans to issue stock in order to help with investing in capacity issues that we’ve had in the past. We will continue to spend on marketing, research and development and compensating our employees adequately in order to keep our high market share. Distinguishing our products will continue to be of the utmost importance, offering clientele a superior design. Appendix

Effects of Arousal, Anxiety and Stress on Performance of Individuals Term Paper

Effects of Arousal, Anxiety and Stress on Performance of Individuals - Term Paper Example Both terms affect the performance of individuals either in work set up or in sporting activities (Cannon & Salas, 2013). According to Driskill (2009) performance of individuals is directly depended on psychological and physical conditions of individuals, where performance measures include, good results, better results, and increased turnover. Individuals are surrounded by various sources of stress, anxiety, and arousal. The sources of stress and anxiety in individuals include trait anxiety, self-esteem, and social physique anxiety. It is outlined that individuals with high trait anxiety will have a higher state of anxiety. Those who are faced with arousal symptoms have feelings of worry, nervousness, and apprehension, this then leads to types of anxiety cognitive (having negative thoughts) and somatic (having perceived physiological arousal). The key influence of arousal on individual muscle tissue is its ability to stimulate blood flow increasing adrenaline; blood is pumped to the rest of the body. The stimulation of body creates muscle tension that is helpful in enhancing performance. Arousal and anx iety can be measured by looking at physical changes (respiration, heart rate) and behavior of the individuals (where the individuals either lack interest or feel withdrawn completely. In some individuals predominantly sportspersons, optimum arousal can occur which is a result of having a balance between over and under arousal. Psychologists and physicians have outlined some of the signs of anxiety, arousal and stress as; profuse sweating, headache, dry mouths, ill feeling, difficulties sleeping, negative self-talk, a constant state of frequent urination, butterflies in stomachs, dazed look in eyes and an evaluation on a situation where there is better performance.  

Poverty in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty in Africa - Essay Example This has led not only to the formation but also to strengthening of G8 from time to time. The fabric of G8 is engulfing in its fold ever more areas of security, trade, development and other human concerns including environment and sustainable growth and advancement perspectives. The 'collapse' of the Brettonwoods system in 1971, formation of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1967, Yom Kippur War of 1973 the 1973 Oil Crisis, economic recession and stagflation in 1970s are the major factors leading to emergence of G8 (Tinbergen, 1977. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis ). Their concern for poverty also has apparent reasons. Among developing and underdeveloped nations, Africa alone has about 170 million people living in subhuman circumstances with almost nothing but garbage to eat daily. This is, indeed, a vast potential of human resource going waste while living under severe conditions. Future of the world, to a great extent, lies in proper prospective development of these widespread pockets of poverty and squalor. G8, as such, has evolved from a 'Library Group' to G8 today. Since 1975, the heads of state or government of the major industrial democracies have been meeting annually to deal with the major economic and political issues facing their domestic societies and the international community as a whole. The six countries at the first summit, held at Rambouillet, France, in November 1975, were France, the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan and Italy (sometimes referred to as the G6). They were joined by Canada at the San Juan Summit of 1976 in Puerto Rico, and by the European Community at the London Summit of 1977. From then on, membership in the Group of Seven, or G7, was fixed, although 15 developing countries' leaders met with the G7 leaders on the eve of the 1989 Paris Summit, and the USSR and then Russia participated G8: Poverty in Africa in a post-summit dialogue with the G7 since 1991. Starting with the 1994 Naples Summit, the G7 met with Russia at each summit (referred to as the P8 or Political Eight). The Denver Summit of the Eight was a milestone, marking full Russian participation in all but financial and certain economic discussions; and the 1998 Birmingham Summit saw full Russian participation, giving birth to the Group of Eight, or G8 (although the G7 continued to function along side the formal summits). At the Kananaskis Summit in Canada in 2002, it was announced that Russia would host the G8 Summit in 2006, thus completing its process of becoming a full member (http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/what_is_g8.html see also http://www.g8online.org/ , http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/ ). G8 and Millennium Summit Goals G8, at the latest Gleneagles Summit, has covered several areas of contemporary challenges to international community. One of the major concerns has been the question of poverty in

Analysis of Sony Experia Mobile Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of Sony Experia Mobile Market - Essay Example 39-48) for promotion and activation of the brand worldwide. It further discusses the market positioning and targeted segments of the market for its launch of S, P, U and Z segments in the smartphone market. It further classifies and explains the impact of aggressive marketing techniques and campaign promotion of the brand itself. The report also highlights the evaluation report on the smartphone itself and its effect on the consumer smartphone market. Company Overview Sony Ericsson (Sony, 2013) has a great impact on the environment and the society with its commitment to innovation and improvement in its smartphones. It tends to follow a holistic approach evaluating three-dimensional approach to sustainability, such as economic, environmental and social aspects, thus enabling the triple line bottom thinking of the company. Sony Ericsson (2013) is the leading international mobile phone manufacturer in the world with wider market that facilitates innovative mobile technology. It attribu tes towards the development and design, manufacturing and economies of sales of electronic devices and equipment. It is also engaged in the production and distribution of motion pictures, home entertainment, recorded music labels and other television and financial products. Its primary manufacturing facility is located in Asia and have broader sales network in approximately 200 countries worldwide (Gow, 2006, pp. 20-28). Its primary market is in Japan, United States and Europe but is also renowned and reached its target market worldwide (Sony, 2013). Sony Experia – Overview Sony Ericsson launched its first handset in 2008 with an expectation to give the market a huge competition and the company would start a flagship line in the industry. It includes Xperia NXT, Xperia S, P and U series (Sony, 2013) that are all targeted towards different concentrated market affordable and reachable to the mass audience. The new range of the Xperia smartphones is sought to capture the major a udience and the league of the smartphones all over the world (Sony, 2013). The smartphones will address to a larger market and will be suitable to customers’ form all walk of life. It also emphasized that each smartphone will have its one distinctive quality and personality that will distinguish it from the crowd (Millett, 2012). The Xperia S will be a high-end smartphone while Xperia P is slightly smaller than S and comes with the White Magic technology that relishes that device can be viewed in the direct sunlight too. It is reachable to the masses at affordable prices. Lastly, Xperia U is the least expensive smartphone in its kind and is not only affordable but user friendly smartphone equipped with the latest technology and apps reachable to low end to high end classes worldwide (Sony, 2013). Market Industry The market is very competitive and volatile (Aaker, 1997, pp. 347-356) with high end to low end players in the smartphone leagues. Its major key players are Blackberr y, HTC, Samsung, and Nokia smartphones. The industry is experiencing continuous growth and expansion with various new competitors in the market explicating more sophisticated devices every day. The smartphone industry is known for its competitive and memorable advertising campaigns and launches. The industry is full of creative minds with competitive marketing campaign pouring in the market that could capture the attention of the customer’

Genesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Genesis - Essay Example This Biblical assertion triggers in the mind of every Christian that there is given beginning for everything that exists on earth. It makes it clear and easy to believe that God had a plan for His creation since He decided to begin with the heaven and earth. Each step made by God in the process of creation was typically methodical. Verse two of chapter one says that, â€Å"the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters† (New International Version, Gen.1.2). This case provides the way God is really powerful. Both the first and second verses have created the impression that God has no definite beginning. This is because everything started from his creation. He could even see what to do even before light was created. This further implies that whatever God did was meant to be a blessing to the product of His work of creation, especially to human beings. This is seen in the case where he comm ands that, â€Å"Let there be light: and there was light† (New International Version, Gen.1.3). The creation story in the Christian religion is unique from other religions and scientific interpretations. In essence, various aspects or happenings found in Genesis have been attracting the attention of scientific institutions. In this regard, some institutions seem to oppose some creation stories while others aim at providing some geological and biological evidence about the stories of creation and Noah’s Flood (New International Version, Gen.9.16). The various scientific explanations and mythologies of creation and Noah’s flood have been presented in the world today, but are often accompanied with their inconsistencies and fallacies in the attempt to disagree with the Christian Bible. Nevertheless, the flood happens due to Gods anger towards human beings. The book of Genesis says that, â€Å"Never again will I curse

What Caused World War 2 and Why Did the US Become Involved in It Research Paper - 1

What Caused World War 2 and Why Did the US Become Involved in It - Research Paper Example The Weimar Germany steamed trouble that drove towards the Second World War. The treaty received a lot of dissatisfaction claims from the Germans included the loss of part of its territories and the tribute that the Germans had to pay as reparations for the war effects. Besides this reason, the Italian fascism of the 1920s, the Japanese military development, the attack on China in 1930s and the Nazis take overinclusive with Adolf Hitler all point to the Second World War. In 1933 after Hitler and his Nazi fellows had taken over power, the grievances of the Germans over the lost war became apparent with the demands raised as part of the Nazi ideology. The demands proved more ambitious and included the uniting of the German community in one nation and the demand that led to the acquisition of space commonly referred to as â€Å"living space†. The living space used as a way of cleaning the country. Through it, the Germans gained access to the East and colonized the territories he found. The actions of the Nazis created tensions in the other states through these ideologies developed. Then started the colonization effects with Italy claiming over Ethiopia, Japan over Manchuria in the year 1931 and its avid entry into China in 1937 and the Germans rearmament and remilitarization of the Rhine lands at around 1936. The Germans went further to divide the Eastern part of Europe into a Nazi and the Soviet areas each with different levels of influence. The Danzig crisis followed that triggered the war in Europe at around 1939. In addition, competition for resources played a role in creating the Second World War.

American History Inmigration between 1880 and 1920 Essay

American History Inmigration between 1880 and 1920 - Essay Example Political instability and the spread of diseases in the homelands of the immigrants also forced them to opt for immigration and lead a better life. Other reasons included the lack of employment and chances of progress. The killings and persecution of people on the basis of their religion was also a reason why people left their homelands. There were many countries from where people chose to immigrate to the United States which included people from Italy, Russia, and Poland and to certain extent from China as well. This era of 1880 and 1920 was also a period of industrialization and it was a period of progress for the United States. The immigrants moved to the country and started working in the factories and mills of America. They settled for lower salaries as compared to the nationals. The great influx of immigrants led to the increased crowding in the cities and hence the maintenance of the infrastructure became very difficult. This led to problems like overcrowding accompanied by po or conditions of living for the immigrants. The crime rate also increased due to the rise in these problems. The increase in the number of immigrants created problems for the nationals as well and hence the immigrants became the targets of discrimination.

Performance appraisal Essay Example for Free

Performance appraisal Essay Performance appraisals are tools that measure and evaluate a persons performance on the-job for a certain amount of time. There are many different types of appraisal techniques to assess the companys employees. Frequently these evaluations can lead to better benefits, promotions, and other rewards. The question is why do companies use appraisal systems? This paper will discuss the systems and answer this question. The performance appraisal assists in the monitoring and evaluating of high-quality and low-quality work performance inside the service organization. The performance appraisal system, when conscientiously integrated with the organizations mission, strategic plan, structure, job design, and motivation and reward system, can serve as a valuable tool to change the personnel profile in a positive way (Kettner, 2002). Performance systems are only good if they are carried out accurately by the managers or supervisors and are tactically planned out. A good Manager or supervisor can associate the objectives of an organization to a certain job tasks. The employees should be well aware of the company expectations of them before the appraisal. Good communication is crucial in the performance appraisals systems processes. The person doing the appraisals is to remain bias free in turn for the process to work accurately. The appraiser must assess the sections of performance that may need to be improved upon. For the most part of the process the appraiser needs to stay in the shadows and just watch the employees work without their knowledge, because when people know they are being evaluated they tend to mess up . Specific norms inside the ratings need to be set up in turn to reward performance successfully. The evaluation cannot just have a one or a two in evaluating people are different and should use a larger scale. Evaluating several qualities is the framework for an excellent performance appraisal procedure. The most important thing to remember throughout the process is to remain truthful and honest. An exceedingly industrious performance appraisal system will have the chance for staff enhancement. A well-integrated performance appraisal system is tied to the work performed, accurately indicates, through a scoring system,  each employees level of performance, and provides a reliable indicator of an employees strengths and weaknesses (Kettner, 2002). The top five employees after the appraisal may see beneficial rewards or an increased salary. This appraisal will happen frequently to give everyone a chance for the rewards. These appraisals will be conducted in a timely manner with little delay to work. A good performance appraisal can have a number of things, some are listed below. †¢Finishes all work in a timely manner†¢Abides by businesses procedures for work†¢Work is orderly and correct†¢Works as an individual or with a group good†¢On time for work†¢Takes notes in meetings and is involved†¢Uses time wisely and prioritize effectively†¢Initiates and remains productive with constant cooperation†¢Appreciate rules and regulations†¢Implements policies and procedures†¢Adapts to changes within the business†¢Uses procedures to resolve problemsCompleting work in a timely manner makes the task easier to complete, there will not be a great deal of work waiting for the next day. In order top have work completed in a timely manner the work and space needs to be organized. The more organized a person is the better he will do in the organization. Work and other aspects in life are alike, for example, if a person is organized in life then he will be at work to. Most people believe time costs money so if the time is being wasted then so is money, this is the reasons for procedures and protocols. Procedures are important to follow because this will cause fewer problems down the line. Rules and regulation need to be followed to the T because they are there to help keep things running smoothly. Problem-solving techniques are always a good thing to see. A good worker always uses policies and procedures to solve minor problems; this will look good during appraisals. Without procedures and policies to follow there would be chaos, people would be unable to work together. An employee needs to be able to work well with a group or by him self to grow in the work environment. A good employee is able to take notes while in a group meeting to refer to later if needed. Employees need to get involved with important conversations and voice their opinions for other to hear on a  topic. The more the employee talks and is cooperating the better he will be able to do his job. Time is important in any business, so it is crucial to be on time for work everyday. When the employee is late he might have missed an important meeting or crucial information. The employee needs to be able to prioritize and make sure things are in order to work effectively. Most important of all an employee needs to be able to accept and be able to adapt to change. The business community is changing every day and the business and employees need to change with it. A performance appraisal of the employees happens everywhere whether there is an official system in place or not. In a small company the official system is probably not used due to the fact there are not numerous employees. While in larger companies the formal appraisal system is a must because there are a number of employees that need to b e watched and rewarded if needed. Appraisals are meant to reward those who work hard and for those who could need a little extra boost to keep them going. This type of acknowledgment and ways to prevail over the problems are best accomplished by offering training to those who need it. When the appraisal is done, the results should be able to tell the manager or supervisor who needs rewarded and who needs a little help. The employees should understand that the appraisal is there to help them not to hurt them. When improvements are decided on the employees, managers, and supervisors should agree on these. The employees should be able to have a say in what type of training they would be doing because if the do not like it then it would be a waste of time. The performance appraisal ought to improve an employees inspiration and show the way for a course to new opportunities and adventures. References Kettner, P. (2002). Achieving excellence in the management of human service organizations. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Microbial Clean-up of POPs in a Subsurface Environment

Microbial Clean-up of POPs in a Subsurface Environment Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) consist of a wide range of contaminants with each group presenting different challenges and having different processes for bioremediation. Although Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not a POP under the Stockholm Convention, they are widespread in the environment and can be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Specific PAHs are seldom found in isolation and interactions can increase the aforementioned properties (15). This paper describes a new product for the clean-up of PAHs in a subsurface environment. A new product for the clean-up of PAHs will be described including factors that could enhance or limit its potential, based on technical and literature reviews. The engineering and legal aspects of applying the product will also be examined. 3.1 Metabolic Characteristic of PAH Degradation Product       The majority of research into PAH degradation has focused on aerobic rather than anaerobic processes so this product has been designed using findings from aerobic studies (15). Constituents of this product are shown in Figure 1. Indigenous bacteria may have evolved more efficient pathways and enzymes to degrade PAHs compared to commonly cultivated microorganisms (15). If these are present only the biostimulation part of the product may be required to feed the bacteria or change groundwater chemistry to create favourable growth conditions. If the existing biomass is not viable or doesnt contain specific genes or species capable of degrading PAHs, the bacteria consortia part of the product can be introduced as well. In addition, more bacterial species are capable of degrading low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs compared to high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs and if testing shows the indigenous bacteria only possess strains able to degrade LWM PAHs the bacteria consortia part of the product should be used. A consortia can be more effective than one particular strain due to metabolic diversity and co-operative metabolic activates for example where products produced by one strain are further degraded by other strains possessing suitable catabolic pathways (8) A consortia cannot be formed by simply mixing any bacterial strains know to degrade PAHs as they may not be compatible or form co-operative metabolic activities (17). Also pre-exposure of bacteria to hydrocarbons has be shown to increase the degradation rate (11). Therefore the most effective remediation may be achieved by developing a consortia from inoculants isolated from an environment impacted by long term contamination. The consortium in this product consists of 4 strains: Pseudomonas (MTS-1, KC3), Cupriavidus (MTS-7) and Bacillus (KC5) and was formed by enriching and isolating bacteria from a manufactured gas plant site (17). The strains were then identified through molecular cloning and gene sequencing, mixed and the most effective PAH degrading consortia selected. The consortia has been shown to degrade PAHs in soil slurry by 80-90% for LMW PAHs and 60-70% for HMW PAHs compared to natural attenuation rates of 55% and 40% for LMW and HMW PAHs respectively. Figure 2 shows the upper pathway for the aerobic degradation of PAHs. HMW PAHs are degraded first followed by LMW PAHs and carbon dioxide and water formed as by-products (5). Dioxygenases are intracellular so PAHs must be taken in by cells for degradation to take place. Degradation rates depend on the mass transfer rates of contaminants from the solid or bound phase to the aqueous phase where they are bioavailable (8).   This can be increased by increasing the surface area between the substrate and the aqueous phase through the addition of surfactants (8). Concentrations of PAHs in the aqueous phase are proportional to the amount of surfactant available (8,11). For increased efficiency the biostimulation part of this product contains surfactants that have been shown to solubilize benzo[a]pyrene from the soil by 1000 times more than its water solubility plus all strains in the consortia are biosurfactant producers (13) (17). 3.2 Genetic Modification Degradation rates could be increased by molecular cloning of genes responsible for PAH degradation, into highly replicating plasmids in bacteria (8). Genetic engineering could also be used to introduce or modify membrane proteins to facilitate transportation of hydrophobic POPs into the cellular interiors of microbes or cells could be modified to enable catabolic reactions on their surface (2). Alternatively, protein engineering could enhanced degradative capabilities by modifying catabolic enzymes so one strain can catabolize several POPs or so catabolic enzymes can degrade dead end products (2). Genetic engineering is expensive, can be controversial, there may be difficulties in getting genetically engineered microbes to survive in the environment and gene transfer among microbes in the environment may lead to the emergence of new species (2) (4). It was therefore decided not to use genetic engineering due to cost and it would unlikely be acceptable to a regulator. (alex) 4.1 Factors That Could Enhance or Limit Potential of Product 4.1.1 Properties of Pollutant The longer an organic substance remains in contact with soil the more the bioavailability decreases due to the formation of bound residues. Bioavailability is the ability to be transported across a cell membrane for intercellular metabolism as with this product or the availability for extracellular metabolism. PAHs can also get trapped in coal tar or black carbon particles reducing their bioavailability () The bioavailability of POPs is low due to their high octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) meaning they are relatively hydrophobic whereas microbes and their catalytic enzymes are optimised for hydrophilic surroundings.   LMW 2-3 ring PAHs such as anthracene with lower Kow values, high water solubility and volatility are more mobile and therefore more rapidly degradable compared to HMW 4-7 ring PAHs such as Benzol[g,h,i]perylene which may be mutagenic and carcinogenic (4)(8). 4.1.2 Properties of Contaminated Environment The concentrations of soil organic matter and inorganic material effects the bioavailability of pollutants and reduces the survival of exogenous microorganisms (3). Where there is high organic and clay content PAHs are protected by sorption to organic matter and diffusion into micropores, thus limiting their degradation (4). Temperature will impact the product as the rate of organic pollutant desorption from soil to aqueous phase increases as temp increases. For PAHs the soil water partition-coefficient decreases by 20-30% for every 10oc rise in temperature between 5 and 45oc (11). In addition with increased temperature dissolved oxygen decreases and the ability of the bacteria to cope with temperature ranges may affect the product performance (4)(15). Lack of soil nutrients, bioavailability of carbon sources, presence of additional pollutants have been shown to inhibit biodegradation by affecting the physiology and ecology of microorganisms (17) (4). However, as shown in Table 1, this product contains nutrients and a carbon source for biostimulation. Heavy metal contamination is often found with PAHs but this product is designed with metal tolerant bacterial strains (17). The bacteria in this product are most efficient at degrading PAHs near pH7 so pH adjusters are also included. Other properties of the contaminated environment that could affect the products potential include adverse effects in soil microcosm due to competition between indigenous and exogenous microorganisms and interactions of the inoculated bacteria with protozoa and bacteriophages (3). Low soil water content will result in decreased substrate availability and may have physiological effects on microorganisms due to cell dehydration (3). 4.2 Engineering Challenges for Field Application of Product Figure 2 shows the stages in the field application of the product which needs to be tailored to site specific conditions. The product will be sold in the form a soluble injection compound that will be injected upstream of groundwater flow through injection wells, extracted downstream and recirculated. Table 2 shows some of the engineering challenges in the application of the product. 4.3 Legal Framework for Field Application of Product Local Authorities are responsible for determining if land or waters are contaminated and are the lead regulator except for Special Sites where SEPA is responsible. As shown in table XXX contamination can be addressed through the contaminated land regime under Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 or though planning controls. Whenever possible remediation should be carried out by agreements with the enforcing authority rather than by means of a Remediation Notice. If a notice is served it will specify the action required and timescales. A mobile plant licence may be required for the treatment of contaminated land and may be regarded as an authorisation for the treatment of groundwater under The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 (9). When SEPA issue such a license a site specific working plan must be agreed with them. Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) represent trigger levels for concentrations of pollutants in soils that may pose a risk to human health. They dont represent the threshold at which harm occurs or unacceptable levels in terms of Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 but they may be a starting point for the risk assessment process for determining if the land is contaminated or remediation has been successful (6).   There are no statutory standards for soil contamination as site specific risk assessment taking into account the sources, pathways and receptors affecting a particular site (7). The first part of the product is the biostimulation part containing elements to promote bacterial growth, a source of carbon, pH adjusters, an oxygen release compound and surfactants to increase the bioavailability of PAHs. If the indigenous bacteria are not capable of degrading PAHs present the bioaugmentation part should also be used. The bacterial strains in the consortia are biosurfactant producers and are capable of degrading HMW PAHs. The legal framework requires a site specific approach to the use of the product. Also the field application needs to be tailored to site specific conditions with environmental monitoring before, during and after application.