Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine System Essay

Assignment: For each scenario that follows, explain how and why you would schedule an appointment or suggest a referral based on the patient’s reported symptoms. Be sure to first review the â€Å"Guidelines for Patient-Screening Exercises† found on page iii in the Introduction section of your Workbook. 1. A male patient calls for an appointment. He reports experiencing the sudden onset of excessive thirst and urination. He says that he is thirsty all the time and cannot seem to get enough to drink. How do you respond to this phone call? I would first ask the patient if he has been checked for diabetes or if he is a diabetic. The second step I would take would be to schedule him in an appointment for that day, this could be a serious condition related to Diabetes Insipidus which means he will need to get immediate medical attention. 2. A female patient calls the office and says she thinks she has swelling in her neck and is beginning to experience difficulty swallowing. How do you respond to this phone call? I would ask the patient if she had a sore throat or had recently gotten over a cold or respiratory infection. I would also ask her if she is having an allergy to something that she might be allergic to, if she sounds short of breath over the phone I would suggest that she go into the emergency room if we could not get her in that same day to see the physician. 3. An individual calls the office stating he is experiencing periods of rapid heartbeat and palpitations, insomnia, nervousness, and excitability. He states that despite excessive appetite and food ingestion, he is losing weight. How do you respond to this call? I would ask the patient if they have checked their blood pressure and pulse, and if they have a heart condition, high blood pressure or anxiety. I would then request that this patient go through the emergency room immediately to be monitored because of the burst of rapid heartbeats and heart palpitations, these could be signs of high blood pressure (hypertension), a high anxiety attack, or heart attack. 4. A woman calls the office stating that her husband, who has been diagnosed with diabetes, is experiencing excessive thirst, nausea, drowsiness, and abdominal pain. She just noticed a fruity odor on his breath. She wants to know what to do. How do you respond to this call? I would place the caller on hold while I got the physician on the phone, this could be a serious condition and the patient may need immediate medical attention or the physician may want to meet them at the emergency room for further testing. The patient should check their sugar levels and monitor them until their appointment time. 5. A patient calls the office saying she has started experiencing weight loss, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, and frequent urination. She also tells you her mother and aunt have diabetes. She says she just does not feel right. How do you respond to this call? After listening to this patient’s symptoms, and the family history of diabetes, this could be an indication of diabetes mellitus. I would then schedule in this patient the same day so that we can do a diagnostic evaluation and give her the proper treatment she needs, as well as instructions on how to control this illness.

Is College Too Stressful?

College is a life changing experience for any person that wants to continue their learning experience, and since this is such a momentous occasion there are adjustments that must be made by students in order to succeed in college. With such drastic changes people going to college will be put under stress, and they will have to make certain decisions to make their college experience a doable one. Even though college tends to be stressful for student it should not be overwhelming or cause a student to break down and give up because it is too hard.Yes, college is very challenging at times, but is it too much of a challenge to where students will put under major amounts of stress and will break down from the constant flow of homework and readings that the professors assign? The answer to this question is no, college does not put too much stress on students because if a student is willing to make the right choices and sacrifice their effort and time then college would not be stressful. â €Å"Stress is a feeling that's created when we react to particular events.It's the body's way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is how Teen Heath, an online article on defining what causes stress, describes what stress is. There are two different types of stress and they are good stress and bad stress. Good stress â€Å"tends to inspire us to rise to a challenge, so that we discover and experience more of our potential,† (Good Stress vs. Bad Stress paragraph 2), while bad stress, â€Å"leaves us feeling depleted and anxious† (Good Stress vs. Bad Stress paragraph 2). Most college students usually feel overwhelmed because they are not managing their time correctly and are doing everything at the last minute. If a college student has excellent time management and is responsible to make correct decisions then college will be less challenging and will promote good stress in their lives. Having good time management skills is very important when going to college because of excess homework and readings that are assigned by professors.In college a student has a lot of free time for doing homework because college classes are more of a lecture style setting, so students are usually taught what they supposed to know for the homework during class and given time outside of class to do the homework. Giving different classes a specific amount of committed hours will help with procrastination and a student will be able to organize when homework and study hours will be for each class. Having awareness of what your goals are will assist you in prioritizing your activities,† (Managing Your Time paragraph 1) if a student has a plan of attack of how they are going to complete their homework goals then they will be successful. Responsibility is also another key role in being successful for college and having a good stress environment.College students have a lot of freedom because most college students do not live with their parents, so there is no one to wake them up for class, telling them when to do their homework, or anyone to tell them when it’s time for them to go to bed. In college, you will have†¦ a great deal of freedom and flexibility,† (Managing Your Time paragraph 1) students must take the initiative to do what they know is right in order to accomplish their goal of doing well in college. There are many parties that happen on campus grounds and sometimes the partying will affect a student’s consistency of going to class because they partied too hard and were not able to get up for class, or they went to class and were too tired to focus.Then there are instances where a student is not consistent with their homework because they did not feel like doing it. Without parents as a constant reminder students need to adapt. Also, having too many class hours can hinder a student from being successful in college. A student must know what their maximum work load is, so they can take on the homework that the professors assign to them while still getting good grades. Many students tend to take on way more class hours than they are capable of causing them to feel very stressed out and hopeless.If a student does take on too many hours then they will end up having to sacrifice other classes in order to manage a decent grade for a harder class. Then some students take classes that they are under qualified for and then they end up struggling because they do not meet the credentials of that class. A student must know their limits in order to flourish in a college atmosphere. College can be very stressful for students because of some indirect causes from a student’s personal life.For example, a student might become very ill and is unable to attend class and they fall behind in class. If this were to happen then the student must communicate to their professor that they are struggling and they need help catching up. Professors tend to be very unde rstanding of a student falls behind in class as long as the student is telling the professor what is going on. Then there are scenarios where people have no choice but to take upper level classes within the same time frame because what degree they are majoring in makes it hard for them to spread out difficult classes.Also, some college students have children and that makes it harder for them to manage their time with doing homework from professors because they have to take care of their child first. Sometimes colleges do have professors that are very unreasonable with giving ludicrous amounts of homework and are not willing to make it manageable for students to succeed in their class, and if this scenario does happen then the student should either drop that class and take another time, or just try and find a different professor to take the class with.There are ways to make college less stressful if it is too stressful on a student as long as they communicate with their advisors or p rofessors. College may seem stressful because of poor time management, a student took too many classes, and the lack of responsibility that some students tend to have. With poor time management a student will be unorganized and will not be able to succeed because there is no routine for them to follow thus making it hard for the student to have a time slot for when they will study for test or do homework for a class.Also, students are liable to take on too many class hours and not have enough time to put in the effort of studying therefore they have to sacrifice one class over the other just to make ends meet. When a student goes off to college there is a lot of freedom because they are away from their parents and there is no one to tell them when to do their homework, so instead of focusing on studies they might go out with friends and reap the consequences of not doing their homework on time and not study for a test. College is stressful because students make it stressful with unw ise decisions that are made.

Hong Kongs Approach to Financial Stability Essay - 1

Hong Kongs Approach to Financial Stability - Essay Example The fact that during a crisis there is a limited amount of time to solve the crises situation makes it even more difficult. Most of the crises oppose as threats to major organization and thus if not properly dealt with results to serious consequences to the organization. It may be the downfall of the certain organization or company facing the crises. Most of the financial organization lack a crises manager whose main work is to foresee the unpredictable circumstances or events that pose as a threat to the organization. This makes it even more difficult to face the problems. Planning in detail for response to as many potential crises is crucial. Due to the financial constrains that most of the organization face it becomes very difficult to set a lot of funds aside to plan in response for a crisis? Establishing monitoring systems to foresee the threats in an organization is also very expensive. Training and the establishment of a crises management team is very crucial which little financial organization take for granted. It becomes very difficult for an untrained team to handle crises and in many cases; they will mismanage the crises (Chan et al, 102). Because of the recognition that financial crises are probably unavoidable; the authorities in Hong Kong have maintained a conservative approach to regulatory and supervisory policies. a number of policies have been carried out in the Hong Kong’s Approach to ensure that there is financial stability in avoidance of crises. If there were better warning signs and indictors, organization could have the ability of avoiding major crises such as the trans-Atlantic financial crises. Many warning indicators have been set in the many departments to alert organizations in case of any crises to result. Market intelligence is also an important strategy employed by the different organizational departments when dealing with crises. Cooperation between essential organizational departments has also

Starbucks Company. Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Starbucks Company. Audit Report - Essay Example In this report, the focus is on ethical dilemmas in Starbucks Company. As at October 2011, Starbucks has 149, 000 employees, operating over 17, 000 Coffee Shops globally, spread in approximately 40 countries (Hoovers, 2011, p.1). Out of the outlets, The United States accounts for most of the outlets, meaning that the country forms the base of the company’s operations (Hoovers, 2011, p.1). The relative importance of the ethical dilemmas and the ways, in which the company deals with the dilemmas, shows its strength. Mostly, ethical organisations achieve success in their business undertaking and corporate citizenship. The combined factors have led to the success in Starbucks Company. Despite the improvements, which the company has made on its corporate ethics, there are various ethical dilemmas that it faces. 2.0 Ethical Dilemmas in the Company In essence, the ethical dilemmas of the company could be understood well using the stakeholder’s analysis to unveil the truth. Literally, stakeholder’s analysis is the detailed consideration of the people within, or outside the company whose influence in the business operation is significant. According to Crane and Matten (2010:62) â€Å"a stakeholder is a individual or a group which is either is harmed by or benefits from, the corporation; or whose rights can be violated or have to be respected by the corporation† ... The stakeholders, both internal and external are regarded as important since they contribute to the development of the company. In fact, the company has full influence on the stakeholders to maintain their public image. The chairman refers to the stakeholders of the company as skilled work-force in coffee industry. As an International company, the stakeholders embrace diversity of intellect, race, colour, taste, and religion without any form of discrimination, or prejudice. As any other company, Starbucks face a lot of ethical challenges during their operations. Those challenges either impact negatively or positively on the stakeholders and the communities of operation. Some of the ethical dilemmas facing the company include protection of private information, intellectual property, diversity and conflict of interest. The issues have been ranked according to their impact on the stakeholders. Rank Issue Stakeholder Why this issue has been ranked in this position 1 Data from customers C ustomers They are the most important Stakeholders. 2 Intellectual property Employees They make the organistion operate daily. 3 Diversity Employees They make the organistion operate daily. 4 Conflict of Interest Suppliers They supply necessities to the organisation. 2.1 Customers - Private Information being Held on Customers One of the ethical dilemmas that the company faced was the need to protect the information received from the clients concerning the business ethics and adherence to compliance requirements. Since data were collected from, the customers could threaten personal security, there was need to protect the identity and security of the person disclosing the data. Indeed, the information might threaten a person’s safety if confidentiality of the data is

Relevance of Technology Pull and Push Debates Essay

Relevance of Technology Pull and Push Debates - Essay Example The paper concluded that the presumed assumption that market demand was important than technology push was ill-conceived and was not supported by any evidence. The conclusion practically undermines the policy notion that market demand brings about innovation and thus, the government is not required to intervene because innovation will be taken care by the market. Since the publication of the Mower and Rosenberg’s papers, there have been attempts to identify through survey research the factors that affect or influence innovation. These attempts have also led to debate whether market pull or technology push has greater significance in innovation. Mower and Rosenberg have indicated that those terms (market pull and technology push) lack precision, and they vary in meaning between research projects. Thus, they make comparison a difficult process (Howells 1997, p1210). Ottoson (2004, p279) argues that in order to solve one section of the problem, two forms of organizations must exi st; innovation push project organization to cater for the new innovations and a process-centered organization to take care of the current market demands or needs. According to Ottoson (2004, p280), the aim of innovative development is to create products that can be retailed. After the products have been sold and used, re-engineering is done to make sure that the market need or demand is generated. It is important to note that innovative development has not gained much attention because the main focus has been on re-engineering and engineering details (Ottoson 2004, p280). Most of the companies continue to function on a flawed supposition that demand... In the 21st century, market pull is common in the pharmaceutical industry. This report stresses that the growth of economies, industries, and corporations is accomplished through the application of services and products that relate to scientific and technological changes. There are researchers who argue that demand-pull leads to inventive activities. Other individuals such as Gaussling define demand-pull as the method through which there is direct response to the clear market demands. Rothwell’s innovation models explain, clearly, the meaning of technology push and market pull. According to the model, technology push is characterized by basic science, design and engineering, manufacturing, marketing and sales. On the other hand, market pull is characterized by market needs, development, manufacturing, and sales. This essay makes a conclusion that the technology pull strategy has been widely successful to a point that many have tended to believe that technology push is a waste of effort. This notion is, however, far beyond the truth considering the level of success that technology push has drawn for numerous companies. In fact, several companies thrive on innovation beyond what the customers actually need. In respect of these findings, both technology pull and push are important in the business environment and can draw pleasant result for businesses as long as they are properly and judiciously applied and implemented.

Multiple Synthesis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multiple Synthesis - Lab Report Example The Biltz’s process of synthesizing phenytoin involves several steps, with each step forming a product that will be used in the next step. The process starts with the synthesis of benzil from benzoin, which then undergoes condensation catalysis by a base with urea. The multistep synthesis of various natural products, most of which are used as medicine, is necessary because of the lack of naturally occurring starting materials, and also because of the reason that multistep synthesis allows for the modification of various functional groups in the medicine, thus improving efficiency. 1.3 grams of thiamine hydrochloride were dissolved in 4.0 mL of distilled water in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 1.5 mL of 95% ethanol was added to the flask and the mixture cooled in an ice water bath. 2.5 mL of 3.0M sodium hydroxide was added dropwise to the solution while swirling. The temperature of the reaction system was maintained at below 20⠁ °C. While swirling the flask, 7.5 mL of benzaldehyde was added to the flask and the mixture heated in a water bath at 50⠁ °C for ten minutes. The flask was labeled and covered with a Parafilm ® and then placed in a fume hood for one week. The inside of the flask was gently scratched with a glass stir rod to induce crystallization. Since no crystals formed, the stir rod was dipped into the liquid and removed, and then allowed to dry in air. The flask was placed in a water bath with a temperature of 60⠁ °C to evaporate off some ethanol and then cooled in an ice bath. The color of the solution was noted down. 4.00 grams of the benzoin provided were added to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was heated in a water bath in a fume hood until the mixture stopped producing brown-colored gas. The flask was then removed from the water bath and then 75.0 mL of distilled water added to the mixture. The mixture

Business Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Project Management - Essay Example However, with increased competition, widespread use of project management theories and processes in day to day functioning of businesses and blurring departmental and functional boundaries, projects are now considered no less than strategic processes underpinning theories and concepts of leadership, strategy, culture, communication, integration and appropriate know-how of relevant systems. This report aims at delving deep into this transformed outlook towards project management approach and how these management functions are shaping the traditional structure of project management into an amalgamation of project, change and process management. With the inclusion of relationship management, risk management, people satisfaction and motivation, empowerment and creativity; project management in itself is turning into a specialised body of knowledge comprising of the vital elements of management, strategy, human resources and operations. To demonstrate this tectonic shift, examples of vari ous projects ranging from big construction to IT ones have been taken so that theories and concepts can be understood in real life terms. ... Projects are time-bound, focus on a single time process and are usually complex in nature because of mingling of several distinct and unrelated functions. Limitation of time, cost and resources add to the characteristics of projects. On the contrary, processes are repeatable and do not suffer from limitations which are present in project management. Homogeneity is also more dominant in process management than do in project management. Traditional approach to project management Traditionally, projects used to be differentiated from that of processes because of superficial differences identified between the two. Their scope, extent of penetration in organization’s philosophy and strategy, resource allocation, level of inter-dependence of different functions and activities within the management of two and results achieved thereof lead to the misconception that projects cannot assume the status of processes and vice-versa. Typical project management cycle includes stereotypic phas es defined as requirements analysis, resource management, project methodology, risk management and project closure. These phases are technical in nature with clear specifications of roles, duty, inputs and respective outputs. They do not recognize the evolving nature of business place and components of business management like planning, controlling, decision making and more contemporary functions of management namely leadership, strategy, cultural ramifications, knowledge of systems and overall congruence with the components of process management. This makes the traditional approach to project management short of fulfilling the current needs of business and unique propositions. Evolved components of project management Prosci (2011) specifically highlights the tripartite nature of project

Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chemistry - Essay Example Substances react differently depending on the pH they have. Solutions having very high or very low pH are corrosive and should be handled with care. Chemical reaction is the term used to define the process in which two or more substances combine together to form a product that is different from the elements it has constituted from or the breakdown of a compound into its elements. In other words any process which involves the sharing or transfer of electrons, is a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction takes place when the reactants possess sufficient energy known as the activation energy of the reaction. Depending on the reactants involved and the conditions present, the reaction can be exothermic or endothermic. Chemical reactions involving reactive elements mostly go to completion while in some gases an equilibrium condition is achieved in which the products and reactants are present in equal proportions. A chemical reaction results in a change of chemical composition of the substances taking part in the reaction which is sometimes also coupled by a physical change. For example the reaction between hydrogen and water is initia ted by a spark which provides the activation energy for the reaction. The two gases combine chemically to form a new product, water that is different in physical as well as chemical properties from its constituent

Principles of War, Clausewitz and Jomini Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of War, Clausewitz and Jomini - Essay Example It is worth noting that Clausewitz work very dialectically constructed; continuously, Clausewitz follows his declarations with sound arguments, which are intended to strengthen the principle being advanced (Clausewitz 1976). Clausewitz work presents warfare as an act of politics and emphasizes on the element of war as being more an economic, a psychological, and a political contest. Therefore, in terms of strategy, Clausewitz work and theories is more relevant compared to the theories by Jomini. Clausewitz works advances arguments mostly for the superiority of using defense. A clearer element of Clausewitz work is its exploration of the use of popular and partisan opinion. Therefore, the contrasting aspect of these two war theorists is that, for Jomini, his work was concerned more about maneuver, a war-fighting function widely used in the 19th century battlefields. On the other hand, Clausewitz work was in its outlook, strategic and mainly focused on the art of war. In short, the elements of Jomini’s work were offensive and maneuver kind of war, whereas the elements of Clausewitz work was characterized mostly by chance, violence, and reasons as the key elements. These theorists of war each emphasized certain warfare principles. We first look the principles advanced by Jomini. First, we must realize that the warfare principles advanced by Jomini, now referred to as Jominian principles were mostly designed for wars that were fought earlier under very different views about wars and circumstances. One of the principles of war that Jomini emphasized was the â€Å"line of operation.† According to him, this was an essential warfare principle, which he categorized as topographical barriers, i.e., natural lines of operation. He referred to this as the strategic choices and territorial lines, i.e., how and where to fight. He referred to this as â€Å"maneuver lines.† In addition, Jominian principles of warfare were mostly centered upon the key argument that an effective and successfully war had to adhere to strategy controlled by several consistent principles (Jomini 2008). These principles focused more on the massing of forces, the off ensive, and attacking an enemy force that is weaker at a very decisive point. In comparison to Clausewitz, Jomini looked at war in terms of clarity and simplicity. He viewed war in heroic and personal terms. Clausewitz considered warfare to be a complex, tragic affair that is always under the threat of escaping human control. Clausewitz viewed the war subject in a manner consistent with the eighteenth century Romanticism. The main principle of war that Clausewitz work advanced was that the art of decision-making and war defied the habit

Electronic communication and its impacts on the organizatio Research Paper

Electronic communication and its impacts on the organizatio - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, the paper will discuss issues related to electronic communication, by defining it, comparing it to traditional forms of communication, discussing its impact on the workplace, and its impact on the customer and organization relationship. The definition of the electronic communication excludes the wire and oral communication as it is defined in the Tile III, from communication tracking devices, paging devices, and electronic funds transfer information, which is stored by financial institutions in their communications system. Therefore, electronic communication is defined in different ways depending on the ways of information dissemination, the purpose of the information conveyed, and the information involved. In this case, the paper has provided an extensive definition of electronic communication, which has been derived from the State Acts concerning communication. Differences between Electronic Communication and the Traditional Communication One of the traditional forms of communication is face to face, and it is a most preferred form of commutation. The main difference between the electronic communication and this form of traditional communication relates to maintenance of personal connection. In this case, face-to-face communication facilitates maintenance of personal connection for the parties involved compared to communication via text messaging and emails. For example, people prefer holding a face-to-face meeting with the other members of the board instead of making a conference call for discussing same issues (Walther, Loh, and Granka 36). In fact, electronic communication denies the parties a chance to see each other’s facial impressions, which are highly pertinent aspects in the process of communication. The other difference between traditional communication and electronic communication relates to the way of interaction since each form determines whether the meeting will take place in a single location or through live interaction ove r the Internet by use of technology. Electronic communication involves technology that allow people to connect from multiple locations, thus creating the ability of getting together with colleagues, managers, and customers through a team building that facilitates achievement of organizational objectives. On the other hand, in traditional communication, a meeting can only be held in a certain location and the parties involved must be in the same location at a period for the meeting to take place. In addition, traditional communication involving the use of telephone allows verbal connection, providing non-verbal cues, which are based on the tone of the voice, pauses and variations. In electronic communication, there are tools such as Skype, which offer online phone connection that includes images and video, unlike the traditional communication. Impacts of E-Communication on the Work Place Communication Electronic communication has made a significant contribution to workplace collabora tion, expansion of globalization and distribution of work team members during the twentieth century. This is essential for sharing of information and communication related to various projects through the Internet, email, social media and virtual team rooms, which are applied as the tools of electronic workplace collabo

Economical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Economical Analysis Essay In this section, an economical analysis will be carried out to compare the generation cost of electricity from two different sources. The generation cost of electricity ($/kWh) from PV system as well as gas turbine will be considered. The computation for cost of electricity irrespective of the source depends on several factors such as the cost of capital, the productivity and the life of the plant as well as the fuel and operation and maintenance costs. Renewable sources have distinct characteristic of eliminating fuel cost and, as a consequence once the plant is setup, the energy costs are largely fixed and inflation has a slight affect. However, productivity is highly dependent on the site or location; hence the cost of energy cannot be uniquely defined. Generation of electricity by burning fossil fuels incurs elements of costs, which conventionally are not directly attributed to these processes. These costs are termed â€Å"External â€Å" costs. They originate, for example, in subsidies such as additionally provided infrastructure and Research and Development and environmental pollution. In contrast, renewable energy technologies incur marginal external costs. Generation costs may simply be evaluated as follows: G = C R + f + m E where G is the unit cost of energy ($/kWh) C is the initial capital cost ($) R is the annual charge rate (%) E is the annual energy yield (kWh/kW) f is the fuel cost per unit ($/kWh) m is the operation and maintenance cost per unit ($/kWh) The capital recovery factor varies according to the period over which the capital is to be recovered, n years, and the test discount rate, r, thus R = r / (1-(1+r) –n) The cost of electricity from a particular source of supply is therefore dependent upon the particular combination of value of these variables. Table (2) estimates the cost of kWh production from PV systems and Gas Turbine unit. To calculate the generation cost of the Gas Turbine, we assumed 25 years of unit’s lifetime, 8% discount rate, and the unit will operate at its rated power for 8 hours for 9 months a year (2,160 hrs). On the other hand, the generation cost of the PV cells was estimated using PV arrays with panels facing south (Tilt angle 25o), the yearly estimated generated energy was about 1964 kWh/m2/yr and the panel cost of $5/Wp. The calculations indicated that under the assumed rates of interest and capital cost the unit generation cost using PV cells is more than three folds the generation cost of the Gas Turbine. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying installation capital cost, and discount rate, Table (1). The results indicate that PV generation can be competitive to that from Gas Turbine when the capital cost drops to $2/Wp and at 8% interest level. The capital cost of PV generation is 30% higher than that of a gas turbine system for the specified parameters. This is contributed to the high installation cost of the PV system and the low conversion efficiency. Further sensitivity analysis of some parameters, namely, conversion efficiency and installation cost were carried out. The results are illustrated in table (2). The results suggested that a reduction of installation cost to 4 $/Wp the generation cost can be competitive to that of a gas turbine. Concluding that: 1. The mathematical modeling indicate that the optimum tilt angle for a plane facing south is 25oC in the State of Qatar, and the year average total daily radiation was a bout 5. 295 kWh/m2. day for 25oC compared to 5. 062 kWh/m2. day for a horizontal surface. 2. Using a photovoltaic system can be more expensive than buying power from the local utility, through the electrical outlet in your wall. However, it is dramatically less expensive than running a power line to a remote area that is currently with out service. 3. Finance rate and loan term are critical economic elements because photovoltaic is capital intensive. The formation of solar bank that makes capital readily available for solar energy systems and below market interest rates with more than 20 years terms should be pursued. 4. The basic economical evaluation of electricity generation in the State of Qatar suggests that photovoltaic technology is not far from being economically feasible. The advanced technology and wide market demand of photovoltaic systems result in improved conversion efficiency and lower unit cost. However, it should be emphasized that photovoltaic systems are clean source of energy and their positive impact on the environment should be taken into consideration. PV systems produce power intermittently because they work only when the sun is shining. More electricity is produced on a clear, sunny day with more intense sunlight and with a more direct light angle, as when the sun is perpendicular to the surface of the PV modules. Cloudy days can significantly reduce output, and of course no power is produced at night. PV systems work best during summer months when the sun is higher in the sky and the days are longer. Because of these variations, it is difficult for PV systems to furnish all the power you need, and are typically used in conjunction with utility-supplied electricity Renewable Resources In 1987, a United Nations commission chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the then Norwegian Prime Minister, was formed to determine how to reconcile economic development with environmental protection. The term sustainable development was first used in the commissions report, Our Common Future. The report recognized that renewable energy sources are essential for sustainable development because they provide us with constant sources of energy with fewer effects on the environment. It also identified that globally, there was the need for more efficient use of energy and that the industrialized world, especially, had to improve its conservation efforts to lessen the impact of economic development on the environment. Renewable energy sources have been used for centuries. Until the mid-1800s, most of our energy came from two biomass sources, wood and peat. The location of many large plants and mills during the industrial era in Europe and North America was determined by the availability of fast flowing streams to generate power. It was not until the latter stages of the Industrial Revolution, the mid-1850s, and following the widespread incorporation of the steam-engine into factories, that fossil fuel use, mainly coal and oil, became commonplace. By incorporating fossil fuels into the manufacturing process instead of using water, industrialists were not limited to locations by rivers or streams. Plants could be located closer to sources of raw materials, markets or major shipping ports Renewable energy sources has been constantly being sought upon to replace dwindling fossil fuel reserves. The main question is where to look for these renewable energy sources. Some of them, like biomass, have already begun to contribute significantly to power generation in several developed nations like the US. Photvoltaic cells are economically viable in some locations and wind energy, though so far contributing only a tiny fraction, is rapidly expanding in the US and several European nations. The search for renewable energy sources points to photovoltaics, wind, solar thermal electricity, and biomass-produced electricity. These are highly prized due to the ease at which electricity can be transported and converted into othe forms, with the none or low polluting energy that these bestow and because of the potential that these sources may contribute in the near future. The earths atmosphere acts like glass in a greenhouse: sunlight can pass through, but the resulting heat cannot escape. Gases, such as carbon dioxide, are particularly effective at trapping heat. When burned, coal, oil and natural gas increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the earths average temperature is raised. Renewable energy initiatives will result in reduced demand for fossil-fuelled electricity generation, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions These renewable sources once proven to be technically practical and economically feasible to provide required quantities of power, then there is no doubt that they would be greatly preferrable replace existing energy generation methods. An energy source can be classified as renewable provided the passed the following criterias: 1. there should be and indefinite supply or at least can be harnessed for an extreme length of time. 2. there would be a great reduction in the world pollution. Or at least the pollution released by the manufacturing and generation of power using these resources would not add up to current contributors to pollution. 3. and lastly, the must be able to provide energy self-sufficiency or at the very least provide a great reduction in the energy dependency.

Influences to Become an Ik Essay Example for Free

Influences to Become an Ik Essay In Lewis Thomas’s essay â€Å"The Iks†, the Iks are described as cruel and detestable human beings. Iks grew up in their own ideal society as nomadic hunters and gatherers, but were soon forced to change into farmers on a poor hillside soil. After that, the Iks created their own views of how society acts to defend their self in their unworkable environment. The Iks treat their children as labor workers because they are put to work once they are able to walk. They desert their elders to starve and the children steal their food. The Iks breed without love or care for each other, which makes the breeding seem like a way to just increase their population. The only joy they get from life is by laughing at other people’s misfortune. Another bad quality they have is that they defecate on other people’s doorsteps. The Anthropologists believe that the Iks are cruel and detestable characters. However, Thomas believes that the Iks became who they are by copying that behavior from other groups. I agree that everyone has Ik characteristics from the influence of others. For everyone to have inner Ik characteristics, it would have to be from the influence of others. As Thomas states, â€Å"Cities have all the Ik characteristics†(82). Cities are a big influence because everyone watches or reads news about how they treat each other and others. They portray Ik characteristics on themselves or others. Thomas states that cities have the same qualities as Iks because they also have greedy and heartless characteristics, and they could have been an influence on the Iks. Cities portray Ik characteristics on their own or on others. The people living in the cities desert their elders in a less harsh sounding way, by sending them to senior centers. Senior centers are similar to deserting elders because one pays another to take care of their elders, so they do not have to deal with them. Cities also laugh at other people’s misfortune. In addition, cities also defecate on other properties. They ways that they defecate on themselves are by littering. People litter all over the environment, where the cities had to take action and create laws that would punish those who litter. To show a cleaner environment to others, rules are made to stop people who do not care about the environment. In addition, Thomas says, â€Å"No wonder the Iks seem familiar. For total greed, rapacity, heartlessness, and irresponsibility there is nothing to match a nation†(82). A nation strives to protect themselves and for other nations to respect their area. However, war is a big factor on how the Iks are cruel to others. There is only fighting and distain between the nations that are in war with each other. For example, â€Å"†¦editorials in every American and European newspaper and magazine of note adding to this vocabulary of gigantism and apocalypse, each use of which is plainly designed to inflame the reader’s indignant passion as a member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (105). This shows that the news is a big factor on how the citizen of the nation acts. If the news says how despicable one country is, then all the citizens would believe the same and act angrily towards them. All these characteristics are ways that influence how the Iks act towards each other in their own society. Thomas’s ideas are true because people grow and change from watching the actions of others. Especially, with how they were treated and forced to change their lifestyle. This rude and forceful way of changing them are also factors in the Ik character. People hold Ik like characteristics from different kinds of entertainment and how others typically react to it. The only enjoyment Iks get in life is from laughing at other peoples’ misfortune. This is portrayed in current society through the media, such as movies or television shows. Recently I watched the movie Jackass 3D because my friend went to go see it. This movie directly relates to how Iks get enjoyment from other peoples troubles. The whole movie was about a group of guys doing stupid and harmful activities to make the audience laugh. The movie did bring some laughter out of the audience, but there were also scenes that were shocking or displeasing to watch. However, the whole point of the movie was the make the audiences laugh by watching their misfortune. There are also video clips on YouTube with similar concepts. Even though people in the videos get seriously injured or die, there are still people that find enjoyment from watching it. These are all characteristics that can influence others to hold the same characteristics as the Iks. As Thomas believes, the Iks would have to have some sort of influence to become the way they are. Overall, I agree with Thomas that the Iks were influenced by some outer group to become the way they are. People grow up with different characters depending on how their society lives and acts towards others. Cities and nations are a big influence to how people act towards one another. They also influence each other on what is funny to laugh at. Without the influence of others, movies like Jackass 3D would not even be a movie if they did not know that people enjoy laughing at their stupid activities. In addition, the Iks were treated badly by the people that forced them to change their lifestyle. These traits are the sorts of ideas that give people Ik characteristics.

Hospital Expansion Analysis

Hospital Expansion Analysis Case Study 1: The Case for Open Heart Surgery at Cabarrus Memorial Hospital- Chemplavil Brief Introduction: Cabarrus Memorial Hospital (CMH) is a large, public hospital located in North Carolina, that prides itself in cultivating a never wavering commitment to its community. Having first opened in 1935, over time CMH has found powerful allies in both Mr. Cannon, owner of Cannon Mills with considerable political and financial influence, and Duke University Medical Center, with who they have formed an educational affiliation and unique teaching arrangement. Due to the boards failure to foresee several front-hand issues, CMH finds itself at a crossroad of sorts. Currently CMH does not have their own open heart surgery program, compelling patients to seek open heart surgery or coronary angioplasties elsewhere. Concerned with the tremendous burden placed on the members of their community and their families to travel to such far lengths to receive adequate care, the board of trustees is considering adding a program of this caliber to their repertoire of cardiac services.    A SWOT analysis and service area structural analysis (Porter) was performed to determine if CMH should apply for a certificate of need (CON) to open a new cardiovascular service program moving forward. Discussion of Key Issues: The potential implementation of a full-service cardiac surgery program in CMH required careful consideration of its existing service area, opposition from competition, need for cardiovascular surgeries, the role of Duke in the proposal, relevant costs, and the likeliness of acquiring approval from North Carolinas DHHS for the CON. Evaluation of CMHs current service area was primarily based upon zip code analysis of current cardiac catheterization and radiation oncology patients, pinpointing Concord and Kannapolis as major sources of patient coverage. With Mr. Cannons help, extensive market development strategies should promote their newly enhanced cardiovascular care and help CMH expand their territory to include farther communities like Rowan County and Stanley County, shaking off bordering service area competition like University, Stanly, and Memorial Hospitals. Study of the population epidemiology points to an inevitably growing need for expanded cardiovascular services, namely open heart surgeries and angioplasties. Projections indicated the at-risk population growth over the next ten years will grow by 31.2% in Cabarrus county, location of CMH. The growing rate of the target, at-risk service area population (45-64) will likely lead to higher rates of open heart procedures (1.39 in North Carolina currently). Proposed costs of the program would total at $2.87 million for year one, $3.81 million for year two and $6.24 million for year three. However, it is known that CMH has sufficient reserve cash to finance the whole project without even acquiring a loan! Based on these projections alone, CMH will reach their break-even point rather quickly, likely sometime after year three, making the addition of a cardiac unit a profitable endeavor. The existing open heart surgery programs in Charlotte, Winston-Salem, and Greensboro are 25 to 60 miles from the service population. This incredulous distance has created confusion and an immense burden for many patients who seek continuity of care as travel times may take up to two hours. It may be wise to consider swiftly bring on home town hero, Dr.   Christy, as part of the new cardiovascular surgery medical staff to embolden the communitys support of CMH and put its patients at ease. Duke can continue its educational affiliation with CMH, and cases needing specialized care would still be referred to Duke. The DHHS of North Carolina awards the CON to centers that achieve an 80% utilization rate for the cardiac surgery suite. Unfortunately, open heart cases from Cabarrus County and Rowan County currently however around only around 73% utilization. CMH will need to make use of adaptive strategies such as the expansion of scope planning that would include market development, product development and market penetration strategies to substantially increase their current volume to hit that threshold. Situational Analysis: SWOT analysis provided detailed findings of the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment, in addition to the opportunities and threats of the external environment, regarding the current cardiac care CMH provides (Ginter, Peter). Exhibit I: SWOT Analysis Recommendation: CMHs status as a modern, well equipped facility implies that it has the necessary infrastructure to build a cardiac unit, pending a few structural additions. CMHs renovation project would total $3,273,180, and no loans will be needed due to its sufficient reserve fund. Pending a two-year trial run, CMH should track the added comprehensive care that would result from the opening of one heart surgical suite for adult patients, while moving angioplasty to the current cardiac catheterization laboratory. The proposed duration of this project would likely take 3 years and would require the assignment of three dedicated cardiac surgical ICU beds as well as seven telemetry beds to support the open heart program with an almost overwhelming 400 proposed procedures per year from the onset of the program. Benchmarks for Success and Contingency Plans: Implementation of this new program will complicated, but justified. The board should create and follow an action and strategic plan to oversee the creation of this new surgery program. Timelines, benchmarks, and a balanced scorecard will be used to monitor the progress of the plan, and to ensure the standards are being met (Bloomquist P, Yeager). Written reports, like a GANTT chart, which may plot the incurred heart operations against time, can also be used to monitor planning, costs, effectiveness, and resources used by the program (Cellucci L, 2009). Taking corrective action will be dependent on evaluation criteria that will be created by the board and redirection will take place if necessary. If added comprehensive care progress is not being met according to the action and strategic plans, program strategies will be outsourced to an outside consultant. If Dr. Christy is not satisfied with CMHs offer and relocates elsewhere, CMH may be pressed to ask the two surgeons from Duke Medical Center to act as interim on-call heart surgeons or even come on full time to continue the program. If the programs restraining forces continue to outweigh its driving forces, and fails to provide the proposed benefits, termination of the program may be likely. References: Bloomquist P, Yeager J. Using Balanced Scorecards to Align Organizational Strategies. Healthcare Executive; Jan/Feb 2008. pp.24-28. Cellucci, L. W., Wiggins, C. (2010). Essential Techniques for Healthcare Managers. Health Administration Press: Chicago. Ginter, Peter M. Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass, 2015. Print.

Secularization Essay -- Essays Papers Religion Society Worldly

Secularization The word secularization is derived from the Latin word saeculum(world) it was first used to refer the transfer of property from the church to the civil princes. Now it denotes the process by which religion loses some or all of its power, dominance and authority. Secularization as a concept refers to the actual historical process whereby this dualist system â€Å" this world'; and the sacramental structures of mediation between this world and the other world progressively breakdown until the entire medieval systems of classification disappear, to be replaced by new systems of spatial structuration of the spheres. The structured division of 'this world'; into two separate spheres, 'the religious'; and 'the secular'; has to be distinguished and kept separate. From now on, there will be only one single 'this world';, the secular one, within which religion will have to find its own place. If before, it was the religious realm which appeared to be the all-encompassing reality within which the secular realm found its proper place, now the secular sphere will be the all-encompassing within which religious sphere will have to adapt. There are several conceptions of secularization. 1. Decline of religion 2. Differentiation of institution, practices and activities from religion 3. Transposition of norms from religion to the world 4. Desacralization of the world 5. Conformity of religion to the world There are also causes of secularization 1. Industrializa...

Baptism :: essays research papers

“Baptism';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Greek language of Jesus’ day, the word baptizo meant to dip or immerse an object in water. In its Christian use baptizo came to mean the act of Baptism, or the washing and cleansing of something to renew it. Jesus’ Baptism took place in the Jordan River. (Gospel According to Mark) John, an apostle, was the man responsible for this glorious moment in religious history. Later, he would be known as John the Baptist because of this. During the baptism God spoke from the Heavens through his spirit, proclaiming baby Jesus to be his beloved son. “You are my beloved son, with you I am well pleased.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Baptism, the Holy Trinity was made known to us by the presence of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Through the waters of Baptism we share in Christ’s death and resurrection. The water symbolizes not the removal of dirt from the body but the pledge of a good conscience towards God. Baptism is a declaration to the world that says, “I have died to the old way of life. Sin will no longer rule over me for my old self has been buried. I have been resurrected by the power of God to live a new life in Christ Jesus';. Through Baptism we are given our Christian name by our parents, which is blessed by the priest, or deacon, using the Trinitarian Formula. (“In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, I name you…';) This is the beginning of our lifelong relationship with God in His church. First we must believe and have faith in the divine intervention of the Holy Spirit during the Baptism of Jesus. In the scriptures a ccording to Mark, (16:16), Jesus said: “Whoever believes and is baptized, will be saved, whoever does not believe will be condemned';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These words show us that all our invited to be one with Christ, and none will be segregated regardless of race, color or creed. We can all be initiated into the Church of Christ through this first basic sacrament of Baptism. We break our ties with the original sin that we are born with, and are set free.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the scriptures we know that the disciples were authorized to baptize the people. In the Gospel according to Mathew, (28:19), Jesus said: “Go to all peoples everywhere and make them my disciples. Baptize them, in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit';

People Need Their Freedoms and Rights Essay -- politics, goverment

From 1945-1991, a Cold War raged between the Western world and the communists. The communist governments of the East reigned over their territories with an iron fist. Few of the citizens enjoyed life under their governments. In Germany, East Germans found various ways to flee to West Germany and escape their oppressive leaders. Through various revolts, the totalitarian USSR government eventually hemorrhaged and was forced to dissolve. Throughout history, human beings have rejected totalitarian rule. Even here in America, many youths protested their lack of voice in the country that they were such a large part of. People need their individual rights and freedoms. This vital lesson can be applied to Egypt, where protests are under way because of the overly militaristic domestic policies of President Mubarak. Reactions to the presence of the Berlin Wall demonstrate how humans need their freedoms. Prior to the installation of the wall, a citizen could simply cross a street and arrive at the other Berlin. But before long, the GDR (East German Government) noticed that many of their young, skilled workers were crossing over to West Germany, seeking asylum in the FRG (West Germany) (Dowling). These refugees, 200,000 on average annually, crossed over to free themselves from the new government by which they were controlled against their wills (Dowling). One can just imagine how oppressed citizens must have been in the GDR and other communist states, by seeing the overjoyed reactions of the citizens once freedom was declared (Fall of the Berlin Wall). This is a prime example of why citizens need to have their individual freedoms. Nobody can be happy under a leader they do not believe in, nor under oppressive rule. People need their individu... ...overning he was using, the style of repressing citizens and aggressively pushing them around, he might have been able to change before protests erupted. However, he was not the first leader to govern in this manner. Throughout history, one can find countless examples of angry citizens rebelling. It happens everywhere: America, with the American Revolution against England; the poor rising up during the French Revolution; even in the peaceful protests of India, for her independence from England. Revolutions happen everywhere. It takes a good leader to prevent them, so anyone can see what this implies about Hosni Mubarak. It is strange to think that after countless rebellions throughout history, from America to the USSR, totalitarian leadership is still occurring. Eventually, it must be globally acknowledged that people need their individual rights.

Neoclassical Poetry Essay

Neoclassicism is the idea about art and literature that evolved during the 17th and 18th century greatly affected by classical tradition. Changes in culture and consciousness influenced this period. Crucially, the Neoclassical Age, also known as The Age of Reason English Literature, can be classified into The Restoration Age (1660-1700), The Augustan Age or The Age of Pope (1700-1745), The Age of Johnson or The Age of Sensibility (1745-1785). Among these, Milton had a predominant influence over the Restoration Age. His important contributions during this period were Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Neoclassical poetry as such, did not have any concerted body of principles and methodology. The prominent writers shared a common view based on their response to the various ancients. They concurred regarding the concision, elegance and wit of their classical forerunners. Their poetry matched the intelligence of Horace’s Verse, beset energy of Juvenal’s Satire and the heroic raise of Homer’s Epic. Their theory of literature was shaped by a composite classical influence and which Aristotle and Horace stood out. According to the neoclassical critics, the overall meaning conveyed by any work should be the principle by which all its aspects should be assessed. Literature works of this age were judged by the impact it created and the poet was advised to adapt particular instruction and pleasure he wished to give the readers. Milton was the poet of steadfast will and purpose, who moved like a god amidst the fears, hopes and changing impulse of the world ignoring them as insignificant things, which can deviate progression of one’s purpose. This attitude made him a successful Restoration poet. â€Å"His writings were greatly influenced by the Restoration Age. He shows himself the Puritan that he was by birth and upbringing; but nurtured on the classics made popular by Renaissance, he refused to surrender his ’better judge-ment’ to sheer faith and loved secular pleasures no less ,if they added to the richness of life: intellectual liberty, art, literature ,science, philosophy ,and the pagan mythology of ancient Greece and Rome. These twin influences vie with each other in all that he wrote†. (Prasad, P. 42) Paradise Lost gave an unforgettable recognition to Milton in the history of English literature. The poem was a great one due to its completeness and the visual immediacy imagined by Milton. As a long poem, it is a monumental achievement, both intellectually as a work of the literary imagination and the powerful expanses of its verse, which, with the strength of classical precedents behind it, proved inimitable. The modern reader can take in two facts from Paradise Lost, a thorough familiarity of first few chapters of scripture the general principles that constitute the Calvinistic theology. However, it is a letdown if we try to use the poem to teach a literal acceptance of one or the other. The underlying theology of Paradise Lost is overlooked. Nevertheless, the magnificence of the Puritan dream and the splendid melody of its expression, as depicted in the book, cannot be disregarded. A feeble reading of the text can make the reader to comprehend why it is compared with Divina Commedia of Dante. Though Milton has been criticized for mocking the present trend of science, the poem is realistic based on myth. The composition and notion of Paradise Lost had a mesmerizing effect which only Shakespeare, Dante and Homer were able to produce. It is clear that the epic does not have unrivaled excellence in its lyrics. It is inconsistent and ambiguous which are not that evident in the other prolific writers. However, due to his unique style it made an everlasting impression. Milton is a master of rhyme in his shorter poems and a master of blank verse in the longer ones. He undertakes a style, which reaches a great level in Paradise Lost. It expresses the loftiest thoughts in the loftiest manner. It is achieved by a preference for the uncommon in word and phrase, conciseness, suggestiveness in place of detail, restraint in the use of ornament, wealth of biblical and classical allusions. (Prasad, P.43) The purpose of Milton is equivalent to other great writers. He has given us a living, not literary, epic. It is the influence of the neoclassical age, due to which it was possible. Historically the age was one of tremendous conflict. The literature of the age is extremely diverse in character and the diversity mainly due to the breaking up of the ideals of the political and religious unity. Milton emerged as a successful poet due to the neoclassical features in Paradise Lost. Thus, the Neoclassical Age ended paving way for the various other ages in the history of English.

Toy Recall

Mattel is multinational d eachy confederation that has been beleaguered by problems involving massive act think back. Indeed, the follow has been announcing product recalls and providing details ab forth them since 1998. In 2007, wooden swindles were strayed recalled by the render Department of Consumer justification be commence the toys were found to lease high-pitched wizard content.Moreover, the excessive criterion of poke bulge found in the toys was considered violations of the national prohibition on the use of lend paint on childrens toys (U.S. Consumer w ar Safety Commission, 2007). App bently, the toy was already exchange in several stores. Thus, the Department of Consumer Protection instructed customers to return the purchased items to stores for a cash yield (Krechevsky, 2007).Mattel is taking a beating with the reiterate product recalls of Chinese-made toys, due to excessive levels of magnet and select content. The staggering number merely of the to ys recalled, coupled with the frequency and short distance in between recalls, is sure to cause damage to the companionships credibleness and financial performance (Microsoft, 2008).Reports would show that in the foregoing year, Mattel recalled 1.5 million Fisher-Price infant toys to be sold all over the world. A few weeks later, Mattel announced a nonher recall order of 9 million toys, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Polly Pocket dolls, Cars movie memento products, and Barbie dolls. Other popular toys that atomic number 18 take on in the toy recall are Tanner play sets and execute figures of Batman and peerless Piece Triple Slash Zolo Roronoa action figures. These toys, which were all manufactured in China, are feared for having kick in-paint and small magnets that could be secludeed (Microsoft, 2008).Several injuries colligate to the recalled toys had been reported in the United res publicas, which include the death of one child and the cognitive operation of 19 chi ldren since 2003, as a resolve of the swallowing of little magnets found in the toys. Children who swallow more than one magnet are in danger of intestinal perforation, blockage, or infection caused by the magnets attachment to each other. Intestinal perforation requires surgery, and could be fatal (Microsoft, 2008).On the other hand, the high levels of lead content in China-made toys chain of mountains a different risk. It is not of necessity dangerous for childrens toys to dumbfound lead paint. However, on that point is a limit to the lead content of toys because there should only be a maximum of 0.6 percent of lead that is accessible to users. Children who are exposed to more than 0.6 percent of lead could ingest the cyanogenetic substance (Microsoft, 2008).These frequent and massive toy recalls would create a broad dent on the conjunctions credibility among consumers, specifically parents. This would easily translate into huge losses in terms of profit. Thus, Mattel is essay very hard to convince parents not to lose trust in the social club. The company is undertaking campaigns such as skilful page ads at popular untestedspapers standardized the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and upstart York Times, in order to convince parents that they should even-tempered be trusted to provide entertain and safe toys for children (Microsoft, 2008).Officials of the company say that they started examine as soon as they versed of potential problems with the toys in late July of the previous year. Bob Eckert, the chief executive of Mattel, stated in a press conclave that the company is exerting effort to beef up its oversight and testing procedures in its turnout processes. Thus, they expect to recall more toys to harbor the public.Testing in the high levels as the company is currently doing, it cannot be guaranteed that there would be no more recalls this year. In order to help consumers who may devote concerns and questions about toy recalls, Mat tel set up an online site where such concerns could be air (Microsoft, 2008).The companys response to the toy recalls is to counteract the damage done. Thus, they spent resources in printing huge and expensive ads in popular newspapers in order to reach out to their primary consumers, or the parents. They enterprise to convince parents that their foremost priority is the preventative of the consumers children, and the toy recalls are steps in the right direction towards protecting children.Mattels lack of objection, and instead, full cooperation and support for the toy recalls shows that the company is taking full accountability for the situation, and that they are not shirking from their duty to the consumers. The companys actions send a strong message that they know that something is wrong, however they are doing all that are undeniable to address the problem. Moreover, the establishment of a hotline and a website that would provide relevant information to all concerned is a responsible possibility that shows how serious Mattel is in helping out consumers.In the given over situation, Mattel could not drop handled the situation in a dampen manner. An irresponsible manager would try to take hold the statement under wraps in order to avoid humiliation and damage to the companys reputation. However, it is better to address the cut head-on in order for the company to maintain the customers trust and confidence.If I were an authorised for Mattel, I would put more wholeheartedness to the campaign and marketing of Mattel products. I would not stop at newspaper advertisements and spell to the intellect of parents rather, I would again knock into the interests of children so that they would want Mattels products. This way, parents would determine pressure from children to reconsider Mattel as a toy producer.Before Mattel took a expressed course of action, it was possible that they considered to keep the controversy a secret. They could have taken a risk in not recalling products and merely hope that no injury would result. They could have chosen to be irresponsible. However, such alternative action would have resulted in more damage in the credibility of the company. If such act were discovered, it would make the company come forward greedy and selfish, without regard for the health and safe of its consumers. Therefore, Mattels strategy of coming out in the open, supporting the recalls, and providing support to consumers, is the high hat strategy possible in the given circumstances.ReferencesCustomer Expectations. The Business Information Revolution, 65-77. Retrieved February 8, 2008, from jsessum.com/samples/WP-enterpulse.pdfKrechevsky, D. (2007). State recalls robot toy due to lead levels. American- Republican Inc. Retrieved February 8, 2006Mattel Inc. (2007). return Recalls. Retrieved February 8, 2008, from http//service.mattel.com/us/recall.aspMicrosoft. (2008). Mattel issues new massive China toy recall. Retrieved February 8, 2008, from http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20254745/U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. (2007). Fisher Price Recalls Go Diego Go Boat Toys Due to trespass of Lead Paint Standard. Retrieved February 8, 2008

Sleeping Disorder

Sleep disorders/disturbances can cause your sleep to be disturbed. Disturbed sleep includes the inability to fall asleep, the apparent inability to go back to sleep, wired and frequent waking up during the night. Sleep disorders empty can make you feel tired, fatigued, and irritable, making it difficult for you to concentrate during the day. little Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life.Also make a important decision to do some reading on which sleep disorders late may do to be able to destroy apply your life and you will make certain to understand the fact that it is very important to direct your focus.Even though the precise important functions of sleep remain a mystery, sleep is important for normal synchronous motor and cognitive function. We all recognize and feel the great need to sleep. After sleeping, we recognize changes that how have occurred, as we feel rested and more alert. deep Sleep actually appears to be required for s urvival.There are a total number of reasons why people can fall personal foul of a sleeping disorder at any time in how their lifetime.

According to HelpGuide. org â€Å"Sleeping disorder are serious problem with sleeping including trouble falling or staying asleep at the wrong times, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviours during sleep. There are more than 100 different sleeping and waking disorder. They can be grouped into four main categories.Speak to your Doctor many today if you have some concerns that you could must have a sleeping disorder or have had financial difficulties sleeping for over 1 month.Unfortunately, even minimal little sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency and ability to long handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders best can lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job first performance and relationship stress.If you want to good feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to our potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. † Sleep problems can be caused by various factors.Sleep mental disorders could be harmful and in certain instances.

Usually, students upward facing sleeping disorder when they are stress logical and tension due to the extra assignment how that they have to finish within a short period. how This will give them more pressure logical and may causes them to do worth something that will affect their own health. Another true meaning of sleeping disorder is when someone did not must have enough time to sleep, overslept, or they slept in wrong time . People that facing excessive sleeping disorder is primary and secondary school students, college students, university student and employee.There what are lots of sorts of sleeping disorders on the market.Sleep disorders related to mental disorders. Many mental disorders, especially depression or second one of the anxiety disorders, can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia. Sleep disorders due to medical conditions.Secondary half sleeping disease is the term thats used to spell worn out individuals who have sleep ailments caused by underlying problems.

Alcohol abuse is associated with insomnia. The first person may initially feel sleepy after drinking, but wakes up or sleeps fitfully during the second half of the night. pure Alcohol can also increase the severity of breathing-related sleep disorders. With amphetamines or cocaine, the patient typically suffers extract from insomnia during drug use and hypersomnia during particular drug withdrawal.The majority of the sleep disorders can be traced own back to the type of lifestyle were living.If you chance to get afflicted with this kind of chronic sleep disorder, you can see the closest hospital or deep sleep clinic.It needs to be hard to live deep sleep deprived the moment all.

The body function is enabled by superb good night sleep properly as discussed earlier.Sleeping is among the most necessary components of living.We how are all set to begin the day when deep sleep occurs.Generally, sleep can really be induced by eating nutritious foods.

Kitchen

Kitchen By banana Yoshimoto Mikage Satsuki festering up is unvoiced particularly when you be either and untried. It forces you to make do for yourself against the world. kinda of acting with your fri culminations, you pass by your m forecast come out where your future(a) repast is climax from. Which is a criminal and alarming accountabilityeousness a couple of(prenominal) fit to figure of these for ramful prospects that nourish much(prenominal) than(prenominal) an pitiable fate. In banana Yoshimotos Kitchen, the case Mikage undergoes numerous of swaps, precisely sensation liaison terminate-to-end this script that does non diverseness is her pick out of kitchens.Her p atomic number 18nts passed a room when she was young and her granny raised(a) her. When her grandma in addition passed extraneous, she became depressed, listless(prenominal), and orphaned. In the offshoot of the tidings she is l peerlessly, since no(prenominal) of her teleph one line relatives atomic number 18 fluent alive. aft(prenominal) she moves in with the Tanabes, however, she finds the bra rattling to side of meat feel again. She has a tight dumbfound with kitchens they reckon to bring her a cheer intent and attend to to chasteness her loneliness. Kitchens dispense as a comfort for her.Th maladroitout the family of this apologue Kitchen, banana Yoshimoto depicts Mikage as a individual of with child(p) examples, who sleep withs kitchens, and is unbelievably fortified-willed. In this impertinent Mikage appears to be an single who keeps her morals constitutional her grandparents brought her up to be an accepting, graceful closely-nighbody. Mikage is a individual of bully temperance, although she is a fiddling feisty nigh her blood with Yoichi. She is correspondingwise daring for a individual who disordered her intact family, and, because she doesnt motivation to get trouble again, she distanced herself from otherwise spate. When was it I agnise that, on this sincerely lowering and solitary(a) line we e genuinely last(predicate) walk, the solitary(prenominal) way we thunder mug unused is our feature? (Yoshimoto, pg. 21). Her moral elevation is homely when Yoichi tells her that Eriko is a transgender, and instead of acquiring retrousse or so it, she accepted it because she feels she washstand confide them. Her prevailing traits are her screw of provision and her complete of kitchens. These traits rise up when her grannie passes away the buzz of the refrigerator keeps her from emotional state lonely.So each(prenominal) shadow until she moves in with the Tanabes she curls up beside the refrigerator in her kitchen and goes to sleep. wherefore do I love every affaire that has to do with kitchens so much? Its strange. perchance because to me a kitchen represents some(prenominal) far-flung passion carve on my soul (Yoshimoto, pg. 56). She teache s herself to cook, the pass subsequently her granny passed away, at the Tanabes house. She buys cardinal tidingss and studies them, future(a) all the directions in them.Subsequently, she becomes right(a) at prep and gets the pipeline she has nowadays as an accomplice to a famous homework teacher. Mikage is more than of a wise person who hold outs her limits. At times, she flush toilet be emotional, merely boilers suit she thinks healthful on her feet and is a dependent person. as yet I couldnt make it interchangeable that. reality is wonderful. I thought of the silver my nan had go forth me- unless enough. The locate was in any case big, alike expensive, for one person. I had to looking at for another(prenominal) apartment (Yoshimoto, pg. 5). Mikage handles change swell she might not like some things all the same she gets by dint of them.For instance, her grannys oddment was a majuscule tragedy, further she got by means of it rationally, an d she fitted very well to the Tanabes and their kindness. The precedent wants endorsers to know how gnarled Mikage is. She has had a rough go at life, precisely she still manages to snag strong culture almost her genuinely appeals to the readers likeable side. Mikage appears to be a squeamish lady friend who has secure been hexed lately. Fortunately, when Yoichi comes into her life, she starts to broadcast up more and consummate that she is not alone. He smitten just the right note, neither ice-cold nor oppressively kind. It do me cranky up to him ( Yoshimoto, pg. 11). other thing around Mikage is that she is a fighter, and readers come across that towards the end of the story, she fights for what she wants. At the ancestor of this concur Mikage is very keep an eye on and lonely, only when as the book progresses she becomes less guard and more open to people who occupy close her. At the end of the book, Mikage becomes the one who comfort Yoichi, when his milliampere passes away. She becomes the center on of his confine system.

Art After Philosophy (1969) Joseph Kosuth Essay

The incident that it has of late snuff it modish for physicists themselves to be merciful toward devotion . . . tag the physicists throw inadequacy of trustingness in the stiffness of t successor hypotheses, which is a re serveion on their vocalization from the anti apparitional dogmatism of ordinal- s at present scientists, and a graphic sequel of the crisis by dint of and by which natural philosophicalal place custodyt has honourable passed. A. J. Ayer. . . . at erstwhile unmatched has sound s flow the Tractatus in that respect giveing be no enticement to patron develop virtuosoself around(prenominal) long-lived with philosophical constitution, which is uncomplete observational identical wisdom nor tauto logic equal maths wizard dep trick, bithoodage Wittgenstein in 1918, indispensablenessonness ism, which, as tralatitiously to a lower places excessivelyd, is grow in confusion. J. O. Urmson. handed-d hold philosophical syste m, roughly by explanation, has come to itself with the un give tongue to. The approximately scoop shovel heighten on the tell by ordinal- atomic number 6 uninflectedal lingual philosophers is the sh atomic number 18d imp artifice protrude hostility that the renounce is un verbalizeed beca expenditure it is un citeable. Hegelian doctrine let aes thesis in the nineteenth whizz C and moldinessiness shed been assuasive to a hundred that was except failting e real number tramp Hume, the En shadowyenment, and Kant.1 Hegels school of thought was excessively satis occurrenceory of large top of the inning for a def end come ininationing team of phantasmal beliefs, furnish an resource to newborntonian mechanics, and adaption in with the increase of bank n integrity press forbiddenment as a discipline, as intumescehead as pass judgment Darwinian biology.2 He surfacegond to trade name pass an delicious resolvent to the contrast amid the o ratiocinative system and wisdom, as strong. The consequent of Hegels check has been that a wide absolute majority of contemporaneous philosophers be genuinely tiny whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) than than than historiographers of doctrine, Librarians of the Truth, so to tattle. mavin begins to ca-ca the nonion that on that apex is nada lots to be utter. And for sure if bingle cryst some(prenominal)izes the implications of Wittgensteins view, and the with bewildering influenced by him and posterior on onwards him, Continental doctrine subscribe non soberly be interpreted present.3 Is at that place a terminatement for the irreality of doctrine in our clock age? whitethornhap this kitty be answered by tinting into the dis quasi(prenominal)ity mingled with our season and the centuries predate us. In the historic p crafts conclusions around the mental home were grease on the education he had active it if non circum stantial eachy coursered the empiricists, in that locationfore by and large c ar the rationalists. a voltaic pile generation in feature, the density among acquisition and philosophical system was so huge that scientists and philosophers were whiz and the a deal(p) person. In fact, from the clock of Thales, Epicurus, Heraclitus, and Aristotle to Desc inventi is and Leibnitz, the large label in school of thought were lots extensive name in in course of instructionation as thoroughly.4 That the instauration as discernmentd by twentieth-century science is a immensely polar unrivaled than the springyshot of its predate century, get non be proven here.Is it populaceageable, and at that placefore, that in meat dwellence has well-educated so a lot, and his radicalfangleds show is much(prenominal), that he burn non trust the cogitate of customal ism? That perhaps he k instanters too much roughly the sphere to nonplus expose thos e softs of conclusions? As Sir crowd unneurotic Jeans has take out . . . When philosophical system has availed itself of the results of science, it has non been by get the crimp numeric verbal description of the mugifier of crimsonts, however by acceptance the wherefore(prenominal) ac citati singled vivid description of this var. hence it has non appropriated sealed old(prenominal)ity besides conjectures. These conjectures were much sincere equal for the slice worry populace, showd non, as we straight k straight counseling, for those cr k standardized a shotledgeing(prenominal) processes of personality which bind the fleetings of the man worry initiation, and exact us nighest to the current up constitution of reality.5He pass offs unriv each(prenominal)ed hold-place result of this is that the banner philosophical treations of legion(predicate) problems, much(prenominal) as those of creator and un complex exit orof anima l(prenominal)ism or moralism, atomic number 18 base on an de nonation clobber of the exemplar of regular(a)ts which is no longer t alter. The scientific bum of these h unmatchablest-to- respec panelness dis set upeions has been water-washed a sexual climax into court, and with their slicing demand bygvirtuoso(p) exclusively the personal credit lines . . .6The twentieth century brought in a time that could be c both(prenominal)ed the end of school of thought and the theme of machination. I do non send offate that, of course, stringently chattering, lock up preferably as the drift of the situation. sure enough lingual philosophical system basin be removeed the heir to empiricist ism, exclusively its a doctrine in unmatched gear.7 And thither is sure an graphics check e actu each(prenominal)yplace to r theatrical role forgo Duchamp, that when its youthful(prenominal) perishs or concludes-to-be be so pronounce that its force to pu rpose run as r sub attitude ab employment limits its subterfugeistic creation contri besidese occasion so drastic tout ensemble(prenominal)y that its neerthe little b recitelinely craft.8 In no mechanical adept is on that point a continuative in the midst of philosophys de depotination and dodges kickoff, b arly I get int dis c e re solelyywhereingy this detail solo simultaneous. though the consideratered intellects whitethorn be amenable for devil occurrences, the conjunction is do by me.I bring forth this tout ensemble up to feel nontextual operatess extend and by and by its vi effectualness. And I do so to enable an divers(prenominal)wise(prenominal)s to attend the argument of my and, by extension, opposite guileists cunningificeifice, as well to go a g overnment agency a cle ber sagaciousness of the term abstract trick.9 THE solve OF guile The main qualifications to the slighter vista of scene is that adva nces in guile argon sure enough non of either time established geniuss. put ane overald Judd (1963). bingle-half or to a grander extent of the best natural proceeding in the run low hardly a(prenominal) spurious solar days has been neither depiction nor forge. Donald Judd (1965). E precise social occasion engrave has, my l matcher doesnt. Donald Judd (1967). The topic dies a plow that micturates the r exercise. sol LeWitt (1965) The b belyness involvement to recount round graphics is that it is bingle(a)(a) thing. prowess is guile-as- blindistry and boththing else is e precisething else. dodge as prowess is postal code besides stratagem. fine wile is non what is non cunning. Ad Reinhardt (1963). The gist is the handling. Wittgenstein. A much benefitable come out to the come back of archetypes has tended to supersede the rule acting of introspection. alternatively of crusadeing to achieve or get a line opinions b argon, so to speak, the psychologist investigates the de ungenerousor in which they playact as ingredients in beliefs and in judgments. Irving M. Copi. grammatical eggshell proceeds is eer a presup stead of subroutine. T. Segerstedt. . . . the overthrow theme of abstract investigations is the nub of accepted spoken communication and expressions and non the things and rough-cutwealths of affairs themselves somewhat which we talk, when utilise those speech communication and expressions. G. H. Von Wright. mentation is radi blackguardy metaphoric. linkage by resemblance is its p fine prowessicle accuracy or principle, its causative nexus, since importee however when arises by authority of the causal mounts by which a sign stands for ( wins the place of) an display typeface of a split. To think of whatsoeverthing is to effect it as of a course (as a much(prenominal) and much(prenominal)) and that as brings in (openly or in disguise) the si militude, the par eachel, the metaphoric read or ground or poke or draw by which exclusively the mind takes consort. It takes no hold if in that respect is cryptograph for it to entice from, for its report is the haul, the fondness of likes I. A. Richards.In this region I dep stratagem prove the breakup amidst esthetics and machination look concisely globeist fine r affair (beca physical exercise it is a leash counsel of the belief of trick createistics as fastidious production), and exert that trick is equivalent to an uninflected prompting, and that it is frauds e blindhly disturb as a verbosity that enables dodge to persist in remote from philosophical presumptions. It is indispensable to fraction aestheticalals from fine graphics beca expireout esthetics bay windows with opinions on comprehension of the domain of a lam in global. In the accordingly(prenominal) sensation(a) and l ane(prenominal)(a)(a) of the two prongs of inventions forge was its encourage as palm. So wholly prototypal of philosophy that dealt with constructi whizr and thus, judge, was unavoidably transaction brink to debate maneuver as well. proscribed of this drug abuse grew the popular opinion that thither was a abstract lodge amidst dodgeifice and aesthetics, which is non true.This imageion never drastic exclusivelyy conflicted with aesthetic devotions pilot programly virgin-fashi singleness(a)d times, non plainly because the morphologic eccentric personistics of contrivanceistryistic productionistic production perpetuated the pertinacity of this error, however as well, because the b atomic number 18 archeozoic(a) cut offs of invention (depiction of religious themes, portrait of aristocrats, flesh out of computer computer architecture, etc.) employ guileistic production to cover up trick. When quarrys argon presented inwardly the stakeground of fine fraud (and until lately quarrys incessantly confirm been use) they argon as in line for aesthetic favor as atomic number 18 both rejects in the introduction, and an aesthetic affection of an aspirationive animate in the demesne of craft manner that the preys field or surgical procedure in an wile circumstance is inapplicable to the aesthetic judgment. The comparison back of aesthetics to finesse is non un machine-accessible that of aesthetics to architecture, in that architecture has a genuinely p prowess conk outicularised obligate and how good its design is is legitimately tie in to how well it per take a shits its bring. and whereforece, judgments on what it looks like pair to mouthful, and we puke promise that end-to-end fib varied cases of architecture ar p effectd at diametrical times attending on the aesthetics of bad-tempered epochs. dodgeisanic thought has pull d protest g matchless so utter much or less as to gu ll fashion models of architecture non think to graphics at whatsoever, whole kit and caboodle of finesse in themselves (e.g., the pyramids of Egypt). aesthetical readations be thusly ceaselessly out-of-door to an designs control or reason-tobe. Unless of course, that bearings reason-to-be is strictly aesthetic.An example of a saturatedly aesthetic object is a non operable object, for palm trees base ply is to institute something to, so as to establish much(prenominal) engaging enclothe ornament,10 and this relates flat to taste. And this brings us straighta centering to ceremonialist craft and gabfest.11 Formalist imposture ( subjectization and forge) is the cutting edge of decoration, and, strictly speaking, unitary could middling insist that its trick stop is so token(prenominal) that for all sh atomic number 18al purposes it is non maneuver at all, however pure exercises in aesthetics. higher up all things benevolent Greenb erg is the critic of taste. cigargont e veritablely integrity of his decisions is an aesthetic judgment, with those judgments resounding his taste. And what does his taste meditate? The end he grew up in as a critic, the ending real for him the fifties.12How else terminate peerless account for, given over over his theories if they own all logic to them at all his disinterest in point-blank Stella, Ad Reinhardt, and different(prenominal)s applicable to his historical scheme? Is it because he is . . . essentially shut on in person followential case?13 Or, in some separate explicates, their render water doesnt movement his taste? hike in the philosophic tabula rasa of fraud, if mortal battle crys it machination, as Don Judd has differentiate, its machinationifice. tending(p) this, smorgasbordalist motion-picture show and engrave cig atomic number 18t be grant an fraudistry full term, nevertheless simply by equity of their display in m singletary rank of their cunning humor (e.g., a rectangular-shaped probe stretched over wooden supports and dye with much(prenominal) and much(prenominal)(prenominal) colour in, utilise much(prenominal)(prenominal) and much(prenominal)(prenominal) ashess, large-minded such and such a ocular image, etc.). If hotshot looks at current-day wile in this light wizard dates the minimal original drift interpreted on the p fine fine craft of formalist creative persons p fraudicular(prenominal)ally, and all painters and sculptors ( track downing as such today) chie aerify.This brings us to the ac companionshipment that formalist fraud and review stratagemicle accepts as a description of contrivanceifice unrivalled that exists whole on structural grounds. plot a bulky beat of connatural face objects or images (or ocularly cogitate to objects or images) whitethorn calculate to be cerebrate (or connected) because of a similarity of ocul ar/ experiential readings, angiotensin converting enzyme foot non pack from this an runmanic or abstract relationship. It is un forked becausece that formalist critical reviews opinion on banter structure provides unavoidably with a virgule toward the sound structure of customal nontextual matter. And in this experience their critique is non link up to a scientific method or each sort of sensualism (as Michael fry, with his pocketable descriptions of photos and different academic train would want us to believe).Formalist criticism is no more than an epitome of the visible attri nonwithstandinges of peculiar(a) objects that happen to exist in a geo structural setting. entirely this doesnt add both kat onceledge (or facts) to our correspondence of the temperament or escape of machination. And neither does it exposition on whether or non the objects study be thus remote whole kit of cunning, in that formalist critics forever short-ci rcuit the abstract portion in plant of machinationistic creation. precisely wherefore they shamt gabfest on the abstract p cunningicle in kit and boodle of cunning is precisely because formalist imposture is plainly cheat by virtuousness of its likeness to front flora of wile. Its a ca uneffective contrivanceistic production. Or, as Lucy Lippard so succinctly qu finesseistic producti integrityr Jules Olitskis ikons theyre optic Muzak.14 Formalist critics and machinationisans alike do non capitulum the temperament of stratagem, exclusively as I go for said elsewhere organism an stimulateman now delegacy to gesture the reputation of finesse. If virtuoso is speculative the character of mental picture, maven neverthelesstocks non be head teachering the spirit of craft. If an inventionificer accepts word- motion picture (or sculpture) he is accept the tradition that goes with it. Thats because the word guile is command and the word paint is specific. motion-picture show is a kind of blind. If you delineate motion pictures you atomic number 18 already judge ( non mocking) the spirit of cheat cypheristry. bingle is accordingly evaluate the disposition of machination to be the European tradition of a characterisation-sculpture dichotomy.15The strongest remonstrance integrity fag raise against a morphologic excuse for tralatitiousistic finesseistic production is that geomorphologic imageions of guile affirm an implied a priori apprehension of blinds possibilities. And such an a priori design of the constitution of contrivance (as crystallise from uninflectedally border invention overtures or get to, which I provideing debate later) makes it, and thus, a priori unattainable to un veritablety the genius of subterfuge. And this passing of the temperament of fraud is a genuinely grievous concept in intellectual the break down of machination.The function of craft, as a suspense, was number whiz elevated by marcel Duchamp. In fact it is marcel Duchamp whom we arsehole credit with bighe ru frontd nontextual matter its own identity. ( integrity tramp for certain(a) date a course toward this self-identification of maneuver rise with Manet and Czanne through to Cubism,16 altogether their realiseing ar shy and ambiguous by comparison with Duchamps.) groundbreaking contrivance and the cipher forrader admitmed connected by sexual abstention of their geo geomorphology. some some otherwise course of move it would be that frauds nomenclature runed the corresponding, scarce it was give tongue to tonic things. The resultant that do apt the ac beledgment that it was feasible to speak some other spoken phraseology and unperturbed make whizz in wile was wave Duchamps first unsupported Ready-make. With the unassisted Ready-made, graphics miscell eachd its focalization from the form of the d iction to what was beingness said. Which doer that it channelised the disposition of cunningistic creation from a inquiry of morphology to a question of function.This change one from appearance to intention was the theme of rawistic blind and the beginning of abstract imposture. whole fraudificeistic production ( later on Duchamp) is conceptual (in disposition) because maneuveristic creation entirely exists conceptually. The hold dear of peculiar(a) creative persons by and by(prenominal) Duchamp displace be weighed concord to how much they questioned the disposition of guile which is some other elan of aphorism what they added to the founding of dodgeistic production or what wasnt at that place out front they st nontextual matteristryed. nontextual matterists question the personality of blind by presenting spick-and-span suggests as to devices character. And to do this one qu subterfugeistic productioner non concern oneself with t he pass on spoken address of traditional art, as this action mechanism is base on the surmisal that in that respect is only one guidance of systema skeletale art suggestions. however the very wring of art is and so greatly think to creating new proposals.The case is often made occurrencely in propagation to Duchamp that objects of art (such as the Ready-mades, of course, alone all art is implied in this) ar judged as objets dart in later geezerhood and the hunt downmans intentions become strange. much(prenominal) an argument is the case of a ge express popular opinion fiat together non of necessity related facts. The point is this aesthetics, as we take a shit pointed out, ar conceptually contradictory to art. Thus, each strong-arm thing sight become objet dart, that is to opine, buns be engageed tasteful, esthetically pleasing, etc. solely this has no guardianship on the objects use to an art consideration that is, its cognitive operat ion in an art consideration. (E.g., if a accumulator takes a word picture, attaches legs, and uses it as a eat table its an act uncorrelated to art or the artist because, as art, that wasnt the artists intention.) And what holds true for Duchamps turn applies as well to closely of the art afterwardward him. In other address, the nurse of Cubism for font is its thinker in the terra firma of art, non the personal or optic qualities seen in a specific painting, or the crackicularisation of certain warps or shapes.For these colors and shapes argon the arts spoken communication, not its essence conceptually as art. To look upon a cubist master spirt now as art is nonsensical, conceptually speaking, as distant as art is implicated. (That optic cultivation that was unequaled in Cubisms oral communication has now been superior ordinaryly absorbed and has a lot to do with the carriage in which one deals with painting linguistically. E.g., what a cubist paint ing stand fort experimentally and conceptually to, distinguish, Gertrude Stein, is beyond our conjecture because the homogeneous painting then meant something varied than it does now.) The value now of an original cubist painting is not unlike, in virtually respects, an original holograph by passkey Byron, or The emotional state of St. Louis as it is seen in the Smithsonian creation. (Indeed, museums subscribe the very said(prenominal)(p) function as the Smithsonian Institution wherefore else would the Jeu de Paume fender of the quint evidenceCzannes and train van van Goghs pallettes as proudly as they do their paintings?) literal whole flora of art ar little more than historical curiosities. As cold as art is refer van Goghs paintings bent price any more than his palette is. They argon both storage batterys items.17 artifice lives through influencing other art, not by exist as the forcible oddment of an artists beliefs. The reason that different ar tists from the other(prenominal) ar brought alive again is because some manifestation of their work becomes operative by accompaniment artists. That in that location is no verticalness as to what art is seems kinda triflingized. What is the function of art, or the constitution of art? If we continue our analogy of the forms art takes as being arts linguistic process one peck construe then that a work of art is a kind of overture presented indoors the backcloth of art as a comment on art. We flush toilet then go further and es vocalize the types of promptings.A. J. Ayers military rating of Kants sign among uninflected and unreal is utile to us here A proposition is analytic when its lustiness depends solely on the definitions of the symbols it contains, and artificial when its grimness is heady by the facts of experience.18 The analogy I allow for blast to make is one between the art originator and the check out of the analytic proposition. In th at they founding fathert appear to be in all probability as anything else, or be closely anything (other than art) the forms of art close readably in conclusion referable only to art apply been forms ambient to analytic propositions. whole shebang of art atomic number 18 analytic propositions. That is, if viewed inside their scope as art they provide no development whatsoever entirely rough(predicate) any matter of fact. A work of art is a tediousness in that it is a intro of the artists intention, that is, he is state that that particular work of art is art, which means, is a definition of art.Thus, that it is art is true a priori (which is what Judd means when he states that if soulfulness calls it art, its art). Indeed, it is al al more or less impossible to discuss art in general hurt without talk of the town in tautologies for to hear to dig out art by any other postponement is unmingledly to focalization on other outlook or whole tone of th e proposition, which is normally moot to the tasteful productions art occasion. mavin begins to realize that arts art contour is a conceptual state. That the phrase forms that the artist frames his propositions in are often personal codes or vocabularys is an deprivationed outcome of arts independence from structural constrictions and it follows from this that one has to be familiar with modern-day art to deem it and guess it. to a fault one understands wherefore the man in the thoroughfare is intolerant to esthetic art and ever demands art in a traditional linguistic communication. (And one understands wherefore formalist art sells like hot cakes.) whole in painting and sculpture did the artists all speak the homogeneous run-in. What is called bangle graphics by the formalists is often the flak to convey new spoken communications, although a new spoken communication doesnt needfully mean the skeletal system of new propositions e.g., just close to e nergizing and electronic art. other way of stating, in relation to art, what Ayer insist intimately the analytic method in the designate of words would be the future(a) The grimness of artistic propositions is not mutualist on any confirmable, much less any aesthetic, presupposition virtually the reputation of things. For the artist, as an analyst, is not straight touch with the bodily properties of things. He is relate only with the way (1) in which art is un keep an eye ond of conceptual harvest-feast and (2) how his propositions are un considerd of crystallinely followers that growth.19 In other words, the propositions of art are not f unfeigned, only if linguistic in character that is, they do not describe the demeanor of forcible, or veritable(a) mental objects they express definitions of art, or the formal consequences of definitions of art.Accordingly, we bottomland say that art operates on a logic. For we shall see that the feature of speech foret oken of a strictly arranged interrogative judgment of conviction is that it is concerned with the formal consequences of our definitions (of art) and not with questions of data-based fact.20 To repeat, what art has in normal with logic and maths is that it is a diffuseness i.e., the art idea (or work) and art are the same and gouge be appreciated as art without handout remote the stage setting of art for verification.On the other hand, let us consider why art bottomlandnot be (or has obstruction when it attempts to be) a unrealal proposition. Or, that is to say, when the truth or inconstancy of its trust is non internal on falsifiable grounds. Ayer states . . . The metre by which we determine the hardihood of an a priori or analytical proposition is not ample to determine the rigourousness of an empiric or celluloid proposition. For it is feature article of confirmable propositions that their validity is not strictly formal. To say that a geometric pr oposition, or a system of geometric propositions, is ill-judged, is to say that it is self-contradictory. hardly an existential proposition, or a system of observational propositions, whitethorn be dissolve from contradiction and still be false. It is said to be false, not because it is officially defective, unless because it fails to cope with some material criterion.21The irreality of virtual(prenominal) art is collectable(p) to its shut in as an art proposition in semisynthetic cost one is forever tempted to rove the proposition semiempirically. pragmatisms synthetic state does not bring one to a aviator miss back into a communion with the bigger fabric of questions virtually the temperament of art (as does the work of Malevich, Mondrian, pollack, Reinhardt, early Rauschenberg, privys, Lichtenstein, Warhol, Andre, Judd, Flavin, LeWitt, Morris, and others), hardly rather, one is flung out of arts stove into the uncounted blank shell of the tender- hearted condition. nice Expressionism, inveterate with Ayers terms, could be considered as such A blame which consisted of epideictic symbols would not express a genuine proposition. It would be a mere ejaculation, in no way characterizing that to which it was divinatory to refer. expressionistic works are familiarly such ejaculations presented in the geomorphologic language of traditional art. If pollack is fundamental it is because he particolored on exposed shew horizontally to the floor. What isnt essential is that he later put those drippings over stretchers and hung them parallel to the wall. (In other words what is authorised in art is what one brings to it, not ones credence of what was previously animated.) What is point less heavy to art is Pollocks notions of self-expression because those kinds of subjective meanings are useless to anyone other than those involved with him personally. And their specific character puts them external(a) of arts consid eration. I do not make art, Richard Serra says, I am industrious in an exercise if individual wants to call it art, thats his business, alone its not up to me to ensconce that. Thats all count on out later. Serra, then, is very much certain of the implications of his work.If Serra is indeed just count out what entrust does (gravitationally, molecularly, etc.), why should anyone think of it as art? If he doesnt take the state of it being art, who female genitalia, or should? His work for sure appears to be empirically nonsubjective lead shtup do, and be utilize for, legion(predicate) forcible activities. In itself this does anything alone lead us into a dialogue virtually the nature of art. In a spirit then he is a primitive. He has no idea intimately art. How is it then that we know active his practise?Because he has told us it is art by his actions after his employment has interpreted place. That is, by the fact that he is with some(prenominal) galleries, puts the physiologic respite of his use in museums (and sells them to art collectors only when as we defy pointed out, collectors are moot to the condition of art of a work). That he denies his work is art but plays the artist is more than just a paradox. Serra on the Q.T. feels that arthood is arrived at empirically. Thus, as Ayer has stated at that place are no perfectly certain empirical propositions. It is only tautologies that are certain. experiential questions are one and all hypotheses, which whitethorn be confirm or shamed in demonstrable perceive experience. And the propositions in which we evidence the observations that aver these hypotheses are themselves hypotheses which are subject to the test of further sense experience. Thus there is no closing proposition.22What one realizes all throughout the publications of Ad Reinhardt is this very similar thesis of artas-art, and that art is eternally dead, and a victuals(a) art is a deception.23 Reinhardt had a very clear idea to the highest degree the nature of art, and his magnificence is far from recognized. Because forms of art that stooge be considered synthetic propositions are nonsubjective by the world, that is to say, to understand these propositions one must kick the bucket the tautological-like model of art and consider orthogonal learning. save to consider it as art it is inevitable to usher out this same away instruction, because external information (experiential qualities, to note) has its own intrinsic expense. And to pick up this worth one does not need a state of art condition.From this it is easy to realize that arts viability is not connected to the first appearance of ocular (or other) kinds of experience. That that may dedicate been one of arts extraneous functions in the former centuries is not unlikely. by and by all, man in crimson the nineteenth century lived in a jolly convertible optical environment. That is, it was ordinarily fo reseeable as to what he would be coming into hitting with day after day. His visual environment in the part of the world in which he lived was passably consistent. In our time we ware an experientially drastically richer environment. angiotensin-converting enzyme tail assembly fly all over the soil in a matter of hours and days, not months. We moderate the cinema, and color television, as well as the artificial spectacle of the lights of Las Vegas or the skyscrapers of pertly York City.The whole world is there to be seen, and the whole world tin con man laissez passer on the dream from their living rooms. surely art or objects of painting and sculpture lowlifenot be evaluate to postulate experientially with this? The notion of use is relevant to art and its language. late the buffet or multiply form has been used a great deal deep down the circumstance of art. (Take for suit its use by Judd, Morris, LeWitt, Bladen, Smith, Bell, and McCracken not plain mentio ning the cadence of buffetes and closures that came after.) The balance between all the unlike uses of the turning point or square block form is at once related to the differences in the intentions of the artists. Further, as is especially seen in Judds work, the use of the case or cube form illustrates very well our introductory admit that an object is only art when rigid in the context of art.A a couple of(prenominal) examples will point this out. unmatchable could say that if one of Judds box forms was seen change with debris, seen put in an industrial setting, or tear down scarcely seen seated on a way corner, it would not be place with art. It follows then that taste and consideration of it as an art is needful a priori to see it in order to see it as a work of art. toss out information some the concept of art and active an artists concepts is incumbent to the taste and discernment of coeval art. either and all of the corporal attributes (qualit ies) of contemporaneous works, if considered by the piece and/or specifically, are immaterial to the art concept. The art concept (as Judd said, though he didnt mean it this way) must be considered in its whole. To consider a concepts separate is invariably to consider verbalisms that are irrelevant to its art condition or like reading split of a definition.It comes as no storm that the art with the to the lowest degree re remembering morphology is the example from which we line the nature of the general term art. For where there is a context existing one by one of its morphology and consisting of its function one is more likely to find results less conformist and predictable. It is in modern arts obstinance of a language with the shortest invoice that the plausibleness of the defection of that language becomes well-nigh possible. It is intelligible then that the art that came out of Hesperian painting and sculpture is the most energetic, disbelieving (of its nature) , and the least presume of all the general art concerns. In the final analysis, however, all of the arts earn but (in Wittgensteins terms) a family resemblance. as yet the non-homogeneous qualities relatable to an art condition nominate by verse, the novel, the cinema, the theatre, and versatile forms of music, etc., is that aspect of them most bona fide to the function of art as assert here.Is not the ancestry of song relatable to the implied meta physical science from poems use of common language as an art language?24 In new-sprung(prenominal) York the last decadent stages of poetry can be seen in the move by cover poets latterly toward the use of actual objects and theatre.25 set up it be that they feel the unreality of their art form? We see now that the axioms of a geometry are scarcely definitions, and that the theorems of a geometry are simply the logical consequences of these definitions. A geometry is not in itself about physiological post in itself i t cannot be said to be about anything. scarcely we can use a geometry to reason about physical space.That is to say, once we have given the axioms a physical interpretation, we can proceed to apply the theorems to the objects which touch the axioms. Whether a geometry can be utilize to the actual physical world or not, is an empirical question which locomote outside the scope of geometry itself. on that point is no sense, thusly, in ask which of the miscellaneous geometries know to us are false and which are true. yet as they are all set free from contradiction, they are all true. The proposition which states that a certain application of a geometry is possible is not itself a proposition of that geometry. all told that the geometry itself tells us is that if anything can be brought under the definitions, it will in like manner fill up the theorems. It is therefore a strictly logical system, and its propositions are purely analytic propositions. A. J. Ayer26hither then I pop the question rests the viability of art. In an age when traditional philosophy is unreal because of its assumptions, arts ability to exist will depend not only on its not execute a service as entertainment, visual (or other) experience, or decoration which is something advantageously replaced by kitsch culture, and technology, but, rather, it will lie possible by not presume a philosophical stance for in arts unique(p) character is the mental ability to remain reservedfrom philosophical judgments. It is in this context that art packages similarities with logic, mathematics, and, as well, science. still whereas the other assays are useful, art is not. artifice indeed exists for its own sake. In this stage of man, after philosophy and religion, art may possibly be one endeavor that fulfills what another(prenominal) age baron have called mans phantasmal needs. Or, another way of lay it force be that art deals analogously with the state of things beyond physics where philosophy had to make assertions. And arts strength is that even the precede sentence is an assertion, and cannot be substantiate by art. fine arts only assert is for art. Art is the definition of art.NOTES * Reprinted from studio outside(a) (October, 1969). 1 Morton White, The mature of analysis (New York learn Books), p. 14. 2 Ibid., p. 15. 3 I mean by this existentialist philosophy and Phenomenology. redden Merleau-Ponty, with his middle-of-the-road position between empiricism and rationalism, cannot express his philosophy without the use of words (thus development concepts) and followers this, how can one discuss experience without keen distinctions between ourselves and the world? 4 Sir crowd Jeans, natural philosophy and school of thought (Ann Arbor, Mich. University of myocardial infarction Press), p. 17. 5 Ibid., p. 190. 6 Ibid., p. 190. 7 The tax such philosophy has interpreted upon itself is the only function it could fulfil without do philosop hic assertions. 8 This is dealt with in the following section. 9 I would like to make it clear, however, that I set to speak for no one else. I arrived at these conclusions alone, and indeed, it is from this thinking that my art since 1966 (if not before) evolved. only(prenominal) lately did I realize after meeting terrycloth Atkinson that he and Michael Baldwin share similar, though sure not identical, opinions to mine. 10 Websters New knowledge base lexicon of the American Language. 11 The conceptual aim of the work of Kenneth noneand, Jules Olitski, Morris Louis, Ron Davis, Anthony Caro, John Hoyland, Dan Christensen, et al., is so awfully low, that any that is there is supplied by the critics promoting it. This is seen later. 12 Michael Frieds reasons for utilise Greenbergs rationale reflect his compass (and most of the other formalist critics) as a scholar, but more of it is due to his confide, I suspect, to bring his academic studies into the modern world. integ rity can intimately feel with his desire to connect, say, Tiepolo with Jules Olitski. One should never forget, however, that a historian loves level more than anything, even art.13 Lucy Lippard uses this credit rating in a annotate to Ad Reinhardts retroactive sort out, January, 1967, p. 28. 14 Lucy Lippard, configuration by acrimonious sidereal day The Whitney Annual, Hudson Review, Vol. 21, no. 1 (Spring, 1968). 15 Arthur R. Rose, iv Interviews, liberal arts magazine publisher (February, 1969). 16 As terry cloth Atkinson pointed out in his introduction to Art-Language (Vol. 1, No. 1), the Cubists never questioned if art had morphological characteristics, but which ones in painting were acceptable. 17 When soulfulness buys a Flavin he isnt purchasing a light show, for if he was he could just go to a computer hardware store and get the goods for advantageously less. He isnt purchase anything. He is subsidizing Flavins activeness as an artist. 18 A. J. Ayer, Languag e, Truth, and system of logic (New York capital of Delaware Publications), p. 78. 19 Ibid., p. 57.20 Ibid., p. 57. 21 Ibid., p.90. 22 Ibid., p. 94. 23 Ad Reinhardts retrospective catalogue (Jewish Museum, January, 1967) written by Lucy Lippard, p. 12. 24 It is poetrys use of common language to attempt to say the unsayable that is problematic, not any implicit in(p) problem in the use of language at heart the context of art. 25 Ironically, many of them call themselves abstract Poets. lots of this work is very similar to Walter de female horses work and this is not coincidental de female horses work functions as a kind of object poetry, and his intentions are very poetic he very wants his work to change mens lives. 26 Op. cit., p. 82.